A General Theory of ArcheologyThe following is a review of some general archaeology materials:
1. ** Basic Concepts **
- Archeology was a science that used physical data to study ancient human history. It belonged to the category of historical science. The main objects of study were ruins (such as houses, wells, tombs, and other artificial buildings and facilities) and relics (according to their uses, they could be divided into production tools, weapons, etc., according to the material, they could be divided into stone tools, jade articles, and many other types). It was important to note that physical data had to be left behind by ancient people's activities and deliberately processed. Natural objects related to human activities (such as crops, livestock, and other animal and plant remains) were also research objects. Prehistoric human fossils or skeletons were the research objects of both palaeoarcheology and prehistoric archaeology.
- An archaeological culture referred to a group of cultural relics and relics that represented the same era and were distributed in a common area. The naming methods included the place name of the typical site that was first discovered, the name of the site, or the typical cultural relics of a certain period of a certain site as the cultural name.
2. ** Research related **
- When studying ancient society, one should pay attention to the interaction and cultural integration of human society in different regions during the same period. One should also pay attention to the inheritance, evolution, and development of material culture. One should not ignore cultural differences. Archeology played an important role in the study of the origin and development of human beings, the origin and development of agriculture, prehistoric society, and the replenishment and correction of historical documents after the emergence of words.
3. ** Discoveries are related to reports **
- During archaeological drilling, when the soil is wet and soft without soil, a set of shovels can be used instead. The complete exploration plan includes the main body, the partition beam and the key pillar. To knock down the partition beam, you must obtain the consent of the leader and draw a profile map. Tombs with dense arrangement should be cleaned up by exploration methods. The archaeological excavation report should be objective, comprehensive, systematic, accurate and timely. In the archaeological excavation report, M represents the tomb, H represents the ash pit, and D represents the hole. Tombs with two tomb passages are called medium-shaped tombs. The exploration holes should be neat and vertical, and the holes should be filled with pure soil. The holes in the site should not be too dense, and repeated numbering should be avoided for sites excavated many times. Take back all the skeletons in the tombs that are well preserved, and try to retrieve the skulls, pelvises, limb bones, and teeth of those that are poorly preserved. On the premise of ensuring safety, you can enter the tomb through the tomb door to clean up, otherwise, you can use the top-off method. Take photos and record the anatomy of important relics first. When sorting out the information, try to restore the objects (especially pottery). The burial objects can only be moved after taking photos and records.
4. ** Age is related to generation separation **
- To determine the relative age of cultural relics, it mainly relied on archaeological layering and archaeological typologies; the applicable age range of radioactive carbon dating was within 50,000 years ago; archaeological geomantic dating used the thermal residual magnetism of antiques; and the tree-ring dating method could correct the carbon- 14 age.
5. ** Regional culture related **
- The typical microliths in the desert grassland of northern China were relatively developed, but the stone grinding and pottery industry were not developed. There were many shell hill sites in the coastal areas of southern China, and many cave sites in the limestone mountainous areas. The two major cultural systems in the paleolith period in northern China were the first place in Zhoukoudian, Shiyu, and Heding Village. The first large-scale field archaeological excavation report in China was the "Chengziya Ruins Exploration Report" compiled by Liang Siyong; The first large-scale field archaeological excavation report in the Yangtze River Basin was "Liangzhu" compiled by Shi Xingeng; The birth of Chinese archaeology was marked by the investigation and trial excavation of Xiaotun Village in Anyang, Henan Province, presided over by Dong Zuobin in 1928; The first field archaeological work presided over by Chinese scholars was the excavation of the Neoliths in Xiyin Village, Xia County, Shanxi Province, presided over by Li Ji in 1926. The only existing Peking Man skull fossil was discovered by Pei Wenzhong in 1966.
6. ** True questions are related to practice questions **
- The questions for the postgraduate entrance examination in archaeology included multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, essay questions, etc. The real questions over the years helped to understand the thoughts of the examiners and the examination mode. During the review, you can refer to books such as General Theory of China Archeology to build a knowledge framework. You can also use the electronic version of Major Chinese Archeological Discoveries in the Past 100 Years to assist in the review.
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How are cartoons related to family systems theory?Cartoons can illustrate the concepts of family systems theory in a visual and engaging way. They might show different family dynamics and interactions that are relevant to the theory.
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2025-08-14 22:15
A General Theory of the Revolution in the World of FictionsThe general theory of the revolution in the novel world referred to a series of events and influences of the 20th century literary revolution, including the New Culture Movement, the Vernacular Movement, the literary revolution, the New Fictional Movement, and the modern literature.
This revolution, which took place between the 1920s and the 1950s, had a profound impact on Chinese literature, literary theory, literary creation, literary criticism, and the entire literary industry.
The core of this revolution was to oppose the old culture and literature and advocate the new culture and literature. The new culture and new literature advocated the use of vernacular writing to pursue the modern and commercial literature. In addition, the new culture and new literature also advocated literature that reflected real life and opposed the traditional closeness and sacredness.
This revolution had a profound impact on Chinese literature and promoted the development of modern Chinese literature. At the same time, it also had a profound impact on Chinese literature, literary theory and literary criticism, and promoted the process of Chinese literature's modernisation.
In literary theory, what did it mean to create characters from the general to the specific, and from the specific to the general?In the theory of literature, the creation of characters from general to specific refers to allowing readers to better understand and understand the characters. This method was known as the " general to specific " method.
On the contrary, from the specific to the general, it refers to the appearance, personality, behavior, etc. so that the reader can understand the character more deeply. This method was known as the " specific to general " method.
Usually, the method of going from the general to the specific helps readers better understand and accept the plot and characters of the novel. The method of going from specific to general was more suitable for novels with simpler plots or less complicated characters.
Literature theory, creation theory, noumenon theory, reception theory, what else?Literature theory includes creation theory, noumenon theory, and acceptance theory. The specific differences are as follows:
Creation theory refers to the theory of the basic principles and methods of literary creation. It paid attention to the process of producing literary works, the psychology of creation, and the methods of creation.
Ontology is the theory of existence, noumenon, and essence in philosophy. In literary theory, noumenon usually refers to the theory of literature itself and its existence. It explored the essential features of literature such as language, structure, theme, and style.
3. The theory of reception refers to the theory of literary acceptance and readers 'response. It focuses on the readers 'reaction and acceptance of literary works in the process of communication, and probes into the value and significance of literature.
In addition, there were also some theories related to literary theory such as aesthetic theory, cultural theory, ideology theory, etc. They discussed literary phenomena from different perspectives, which had a profound impact on the development of literary theory.