Purchasing Management-Preparing Purchasing RequirementsThere were many key points in the preparation of purchase requirements:
** 1. Establishment Entity **
The main body of the preparation of the purchase request can include the buyer, the purchasing agency, or other third-party organizations. However, compared to buyers and other third-party organizations, purchasing agencies had certain advantages for the following reasons:
1. The high requirements for the legitimacy, compliance, and rationality of the procurement requirements prompted the specialization of labor. Although government procurement allowed self-purchasing, due to the strong professionalism, the procurers often entrusted the services of purchasing agencies.
2. The preparation of the procurement requirements required a master and continuous update of the relevant government procurement-related regulations, policies, and processes. At the same time, it required industry experts, suppliers, and other resources to carry out the preparation of the requirements, requirements investigation, and other work. This was the ability and resources that the procurement agency had accumulated in the work of the procurement agency. Moreover, compared to other third-party organizations, purchasing agencies had a natural advantage in this aspect.
3. Purchasing requirements would affect the choice of purchasing methods, the setting of evaluation methods, and other aspects of government procurement. From the perspective of work cohesion, entrusting the purchasing agency to prepare the purchasing requirements (or entrusting the agency that prepared the purchasing requirements to carry out the follow-up purchasing agency) could help ensure smooth purchasing activities and reduce the communication costs of the buyers.
** II. Key points for different project types **
1. ** Engineering Project **
- The engineering project's procurement requirements were more versatile and relatively simple. The content description generally quoted national standards, technical specifications, safety specifications, acceptance specifications, etc. In large-scale projects such as municipal administration, roads, bridges, subways, water conservancy, etc., in addition to standard technical specifications, there were also special requirements, such as topography, surrounding human settlements, traffic environment, etc.; Greening projects would give plant species, specifications, maintenance methods, survival rate, etc.
- Engineering projects had standard construction bidding documents, and the bid evaluation method was relatively fixed. Whether the preparation of the procurement requirements was reasonable mainly depended on the technical judgment of the bidder, and the professional requirements for the agent were relatively low.
2. ** Items related to goods **
- The procurement requirements of goods-related projects had obvious purchasing characteristics. For example, there was no relationship between various goods. Even if the same goods (such as central air conditioning) had different priorities, the prepared procurement requirements would also be different. There was no template document. Many projects had industrial, regional, and systematic characteristics.
- For professional equipment purchases (such as air conditioning and elevators), the bidding agent must have a certain literary foundation and read the contents of the purchase requirements at least three times. If you don't understand the symbols or indicators, you can search for professional knowledge on the Internet. During this process, you must pay attention to: Firstly, check whether the purchasing demand is biased and exclusive, whether it refers to specific product indicators, whether it conforms to the current market situation, whether there are outdated specifications, models, indicators, etc. Secondly, when the tenderers describe a certain part of the purchasing demand, the agent shall convert this part of the content into bidding terms and reflect it in the qualification conditions, bid evaluation methods, and contract terms. The third was to check if there were any inconsistent contents before and after, so as not to affect the bidding progress, contract price, or procurement standards. If the purchase amount is large or it is impossible to determine whether the purchase demand is reasonable, it can be improved through expert review and publicity of technical parameters.
- For the purchase of ordinary items (such as office supplies, daily necessities, food, medicine, etc.), the bidding agency can do simple market research after receiving the purchase list. If the products or specifications on the list do not exist in the market or the brands designated by the bidder can also meet the demand, the agent should suggest the bidder to modify the purchase list to avoid risks.
3. ** Service Items **
- There were many types of service projects, including survey, design, supervision, bidding agency, project cost, project audit, tax agency, accounting agency, security, labor, transportation, property management, and so on.
- The bidding agent should have a strong ability to summarize, be good at discovering the commonality and personality characteristics of the project, and perfect the individual part based on the commonality thinking.
** 3. Basic Elements of Establishment **
Compliant, complete, and clear were the three basic elements for the preparation of purchase requirements. A good preparation of purchase requirements was a requirement for successful purchases and also the cornerstone of value for money.
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Purchasing of stocksIf the stock is purchased as a tradable financial asset, the accounting entries are: Borrowing: tradable financial asset-cost (fair value), dividends received (cash dividends declared but not yet distributed), investment income (transaction costs), loan: other monetary funds, etc.(total price paid).
If the stock is purchased as an investment in other equity instruments, the accounting entries are: Borrowing: other equity instruments investment-cost (the sum of fair value and transaction costs), dividends received, loan: bank deposits.
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Books on the kindleThere were many websites that provided resources for the kindle e-book. These included NMOD, Love Reading Network, Book Companion, Poisonous Search Book, Love Book Station, etc. These websites provided e-book downloads in a variety of format, including PDF1, EPUB, MOBI3, and so on. Through these sites, users can read or download e-books online. In addition, there were other resource websites and techniques for users to refer to. Please note that these websites may change addresses, so you need to pay attention to the latest links.
Books on the kindleThere were many websites that offered free download resources for the e-books. These websites included Amazon, the e-book search engine, the Bitter Gourd Bookcase, Mlook, Palm Bookstore, Search Books, Reading Skin, and Book Companion. These websites provided e-books in various forms, including Chinese and foreign languages. In addition, there were also some paid e-book resources, such as the Kindle library. These resources are suitable for the owners of the Kindle-powered e-books to find and download.
Books on the kindleThere were many websites that offered free download resources for the e-books. These websites included Amazon, the e-book search engine, the Bitter Gourd Bookcase, Mlook, Palm Bookstore, Z-Library, Zumo Search, and the Book-loving Station. These websites offered e-books in various forms, including Chinese and foreign languages. In addition, there were also some paid e-book resources, such as the Kindle library. These sites also provided tools and methods for converting and pushing e-books to help users read more good books on the Kindle.
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It should be noted that converting a TMT file to a format supported by the iPad may cause some typography problems, such as font, font size, paragraph format, and so on. Therefore, before converting, it was best to check the layout of the TMT file to ensure that the quality of the converted e-book was good.
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kindle epubThe iPad finally supports the EPUB format. In the past, if a reader wanted to read EPUB e-books on the Kindle, they had to use a third-party tool to convert EPUB to MOBi format. However, starting from the end of 2022, Amazon will no longer support the MOBi format and will instead add the open source EPUB format. This meant that users could read EPUB e-books directly on the Kindle without having to convert. This was an important breakthrough for people who liked to read e-books because EPUB was a universal file format that could be used in a variety of e-book reading systems. Although previously you needed to use tools such as Calibre to convert, now you can easily convert EPUB files to the AKW3 format and copy them to the documents folder of the Kindle. This way, you can easily read EPUB e-books on the Kindle.
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