Physics acting force and reaction forceThe acting force and reaction force in junior high school physics had the following characteristics:
1. ** Equal in size **: The size of the two is the same. For example, when you push a table with your hand, the force you exert on the table is the same as the reaction force of the table on your hand.
2. ** Opposite Directions **: Their directions are completely opposite. Just like in the example above, the force of the hand pushing the table is forward, and the counterforce of the table is backward.
3. ** Forces of the same nature **: If the acting force is elastic, then the reaction force must also be elastic; if the acting force is friction, then the reaction force is also friction.
4. ** Acting in a straight line **: The action and reaction force are in the same straight line.
5. [Co-existence, Co-disappearance]: The two are mutually dependent, and there is no order. They must exist or disappear at the same time. For example, when the pressure of the object on the table disappeared, the support of the table on the object would also disappear at the same time.
6. ** Reciprocal force applying object and force receiving object **: In the relationship between the action and the reaction, the two objects are both the force applying object and the force receiving object. For example, if A exerted a force on B, then B would exert a counterforce on A. A was the force exerting object of B, and B was the force exerting object of A.
7. ** Acting on different objects **: This is one of the important differences between the action and reaction force and the equilibrium force. The equilibrium force acts on the same object, while the action and reaction force act on two interacting objects.
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the reaction force in structural mechanicIn structural mechanics, structural reaction could also be referred to as reaction force. In a broad sense, it was a reaction force in mechanics. In the aspect of building structure system, when external factors act on the structure, in order to achieve the force balance of the structural system, the force provided by the structural support is the structural reaction force.
There were two types of reaction forces: one was the concentrated force, which was an external force that acted on the component and the surface area was much smaller than the size of the component; The second was the form of the bending moment (or couple). The bending moment was a type of internal force moment on the cross-section of the bearing component. In layman's terms, it was the moment required for bending. It stipulated that the lower part was pulled positively (the upper part was pressed), and the upper part was pulled negatively (the lower part was pressed). Its standard definition was the joint force couple moment of the distributed internal force system vertical to the cross-section. The calculation formula was M = 0·El/L (0 was the rotation angle, El was the rotation stiffness, and L was the effective calculation length of the bar).
The reaction force could provide an equilibrium condition for structural calculation, which could be used to calculate the internal force of the structure and further analyze the structural distortion. In some structural analysis methods, the static indeterminate support form would be reduced by assuming a reaction force. This assumed reaction force was called static indeterminate residual force or redundant force. The reaction force was categorized into flexible body constraints, smooth contact surface constraints, movable hinged bearings, fixed hinged bearings, fixed end bearings, and so on.
In addition, it was not enough to rely on the static equilibrium equation to solve the reaction force of the static indeterminate structure. It was necessary to supplement the equation with the distortion condition. The internal force and reaction force of the static indeterminate structure were related to the physical properties of the material and the geometric characteristics of the section (shape and size). Non-load factors (such as temperature and support movement) could also cause the internal force and reaction force of the static indeterminate structure. It was relatively easy to solve the reaction force of the support of a static structural beam. The reaction force of the support could be obtained by replacing one support with an external force and then calculating the total bending moment of all external forces on the other support.
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The relationship between binding force and binding reaction force isBinding force and binding force were a pair of balanced forces. The strength of the binding force increased with the increase of the binding force and decreased with the decrease of the binding force.
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Reaxff reaction force field principleReaxFF was a molecular force field based on bond level. It is commonly used in molecular dynamics simulations. Goddard and his collaborators at the California Institute of Technology suggested. In its simplest form, as a bridge between chemical quantum and the experiential force field, it used a set of relatively simple functions to describe the relationship between energy and geometry. For example, it used the EFF method to deal with the simple harmonic-wave equation of the condensed matter system. These equations were used to describe the stretching, compression, and bending of bond angles. However, the current reference materials did not have more in-depth information about its principle, so it was impossible to answer further.
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About the Activation Energy of ReactionThere were many ways to define activation energy. From the perspective of molecular energy, the difference between the average energy of the activated molecules and the average energy of the reagent molecules is the activation energy of the reaction. From the perspective of chemical reaction path, the chemical reaction can be regarded as the path from the reagent to the product, and the activation energy is the highest point (energy peak) on this path. From the perspective of physical and chemical processes, the energy needed to overcome in order to start a physical and chemical process (such as plastic flow, atomic dispersion, chemical reaction, formation of vacancies, etc.) was the activation energy (also known as "activation energy"). In addition, there was also the apparent activation energy. The concept was first proposed for the Arlegenius formula k = Ae. It was obtained from experimental data, also known as the experimental activation energy. In the process of the diffusing, the activation energy of the diffusing was expressed by Q. For the gap diffusing, Q represented the potential barrier that every mole of gap atoms had to cross when jumping. For the vacancy diffusing, Q represented Avogadro's constant vacancy formation energy plus the potential barrier that every mole of atoms had to cross when jumping to the vacancy. For intrinsic conductivity, the activation energy was equivalent to the width of the energy band gap. For intrinsic conductivity, there were two cases. In n-type intrinsic conductivity, the activation energy was equal to the distance between the donor energy level and the edge of the conducting band. In p-type intrinsic conductivity, the activation energy was equal to the distance between the donor energy level and the edge of the valance band. Moreover, in a crystal, the activation energy was the energy needed to make the crystal atoms leave the equilibrium position and move to another new equilibrium or non-equilibrium position. When there was a trap, if E was the capture energy level, for the electron trap, E = Ec - E, for the hole trap, E = E-Ev. Under normal circumstances, the activation energy was a constant that did not change with temperature, but when the temperature was greater than 500K, the activation energy was no longer a constant. The smaller the activation energy, the easier it was for the corresponding processes (such as physical and chemical processes, failure processes, etc.) to proceed.
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What is the reaction force of the support in structural mechanics?For the solution of the support reaction force of a static structural beam, the following methods can be used: Remove a support (such as support A) and replace it with an external force.(That is, the reaction force of the support, the line of action, and the canceled support member are overlapped, and the direction is generally upward). Then, all the external forces are applied to the other support to calculate the bending moment (note the positive and negative signs). Since the static beam will not rotate, the total bending moment of all external forces (including the reaction force of the support A) to the other support should be "0", so the reaction force of a support can be calculated (note the + sign indicates that the reaction force of the support is in the same direction as the assumed reaction force of the support, otherwise it is opposite). Similarly, the reaction force of the other support could be obtained. In addition, after finding the reaction force of a support, the reaction force of another support could also be found under the condition that all the support reaction forces were equal to all the external forces. For a simply supported beam, static equilibrium could also be used. In the vertical direction, there was always the equation of F = 0, and for the hinged point, there was the equation of M = 0. For the continuous beam, rigid frame and other indeterminate structures, the force method or displacement method should be used to calculate the support reaction force.
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How to Find the Formula of the Reaction Force of the SupportThe calculation formula of the bearing reaction mainly included the equilibrium equation and the moment equation. When calculating the reaction force of the support, the equilibrium equation of the object was usually divided into two equations: the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. For the balance equation in the horizontal direction, the formula, F x = 0, can be used. This formula means that the total force of all forces acting on the object in the horizontal direction is zero. When calculating, all the horizontal forces on the object (including external forces and support reactions) need to be added. At the same time, when using the moment equation, the couple relationship between the support reaction force and other forces should be considered. According to the specific force situation of the structure, the relevant equations should be listed, and then the support reaction force should be obtained by solving the equation. For example, in some structures, if the support reaction forces FA and FO form a couple in opposite directions, it is necessary to list the equation and solve it according to the overall force balance. For the case of structural external force balance, such as the conditions of x=0, y=0, etc., can also be used to solve the support reaction force. For example, in the framework structure, the support reaction force can be obtained by the method of x=0 to get XA=0, y=0 to get Ya+Yb=4P, and then the load and shape are symmetrical to know Ya=Yb= 2P.
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Bearing reaction force of super static structureThe reaction force of the support of a hyperstatic structure is related to the physical properties of the material and the geometric characteristics of the cross-section (shape and size). Non-load factors (temperature, support movement) will also cause the internal force and reaction force of the hyperstatic structure. For the calculation of the reaction force of the support of the indeterminate structure, such as the continuous beam, rigid frame and other indeterminate structures, the force method or the displacement method should be used. When the simple-supported-to-continuous bridge structure is pre-fabricated into a simple-supported structure, it is a static system without bearing reaction force. After the post-tension tendons are stretched, the tension will affect the internal force and cross-section stress of the structure. After the structure forms a continuous system, the analysis of contraction, creep and uneven settlement of the bearing should be calculated according to the continuous beam system. At this time, the secondary internal force and internal force re-distribution should also be considered. For the calculation of the support reaction force of the continuous beam in the hyperstatic structure, if it was a hyperstatic structure, the vertical support reaction force could be selected as the surplus force, and the force method equation could be established to obtain one support reaction force, and the other two could be solved according to the hyperstatic structure. The load distribution corresponding to the maximum reaction force of the support is that the two adjacent spans on the left and right of the support are filled with live load, and then the other spans are filled with live load; or the two adjacent spans on the left and right of the support are not filled with live load, and then the other spans are filled with live load. When calculating the reaction force of the support of a hyperstatic structure, different structural forms (such as the difference in the calculation results of a wide bridge using a grillage model or a single beam model) and different load combinations (such as temperature grads and uneven settlements) will affect the results. The internal force and support reaction force calculated by the single beam model of the wide bridge deviated greatly from the actual situation. The influence of temperature grads and uneven settlement on the reaction force of the small-span wide continuous beam bridge was very large. Under the combined effect, the negative reaction force of the supports at the pier and the abutments might appear. When there were more than two horizontal supports, the reaction force of the adjacent supports was quite different. The possibility of negative reaction force appearing on the outer support at the abutments and the inner support on the abutments was relatively large. In structural design, increasing the length of the pile to reduce the uneven settlement of the foundation, reducing the thickness of the slab, and reducing the stiffness of the main beam can obviously reduce the probability of the negative reaction force of the support, while adjusting the side-to-mid-span ratio has relatively little effect.
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Energy Conversion Method of the carbon reactionThe energy conversion method of the carbon reaction (formerly known as the dark reaction) was to convert active chemical energy into stable chemical energy in C6H12O6 (glucose). During this process, the plastids used the two high-energy compounds, ATP-bound and ADMP-bound, produced by the photoreaction to fix CO2 and convert it into glucose.
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Junior high school physics acting force and reaction force key knowledge summary1. * * Concept **
- The effect of force was mutual. When an object exerted force on another object, it would also be affected by the force exerted by this object. These two forces were the acting force and the reacting force. For example, the pressure of an object on the table and the support of the table on the object were a pair of acting and reacting forces.
2. * * Specialties **
- * * size **: Equal in size.
- * * Direction **: Opposite direction.
- [Nature: Forces of the same nature. For example, elasticity is elasticity, friction is friction, etc.]
- * * Line of Effect **: It works on a straight line.
- * * The relationship between the force and the force: The object that exerted the force and the object that received the force are the same. There is no distinction between primary and secondary. They appear at the same time and disappear at the same time. For example, when pushing a wall with one's hand, the hand exerted force on the wall, and the wall also exerted force on the hand. The force of the hand pushing the wall and the force of the wall pushing hand appeared and disappeared at the same time.
- * * Relationship with the frame of reference **: Newton's third law (describing the relationship between action and reaction) is independent of the frame of reference. Newton's third law is still valid in a non-inertia frame.
3. * * The difference between balance and balance **
- * * Target of action **: The action and reaction force act on two different objects. The balancing force is a force that acts on the same object. For example, the gravity of a cup resting on the table and the support force of the table are the balancing forces. These two forces both act on the cup.
- * * Dependence **: The action and reaction force are produced at the same time and disappear at the same time. They depend on each other and change at the same time. They cannot exist alone. There is no such dependence between the equilibrium forces. After removing one of the forces, the other can exist alone. For example, gravity and the supporting force are balanced. When the supporting force is removed, the object will fall freely.
- * * Superposition **: The action and reaction force do not act on the same object, so the effect of the force cannot be superimposed, and the resulting force cannot be obtained. Since the force is acting on the same object, the effect of the force can be superimposed. Usually, the resulting force of several forces and the resulting force of another force maintain balance, so that the object is in a state of balance.
- The nature of the force: The acting force and the reaction force must be the same kind of force; the equilibrium force is not necessarily the same. It can be the joint force of several kinds of forces, or it can be the same kind of force, or it can be different.
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