the chaos protocol
Backward n frame protocol and selective repeat protocol
Go-back- N (GGN):
- In the stop-and-wait protocol, the sender can only send one frame at a time, and the channel utilization rate is low. However, the backward N-frame protocol uses a sliding window method, and the sender maintains a set of sending windows, and can send multiple data frames at a time. The receiver uses the method of cumulative confirmation, and the sender moves the sending window forward after receiving the confirmation. When there was a problem (such as frame loss or long delay), the sender used the method of retreating N frames to re-transmit. The timer here was used to recover data frames or confirm the loss of frames, similar to the timer in the pause protocol.
Choosing the Repeat protocol:
- Different from the N-frame backward protocol, when the receiver receives an out-of-order frame, it will not discard all subsequent frames like the N-frame backward protocol. Instead, it will buffer the correctly received out-of-order frame. When the sender found that a frame was lost, it only retransmitted the lost frame, instead of retransmitting the subsequent N frames from the lost frame like the backward N frames protocol. This could avoid unnecessary data retransmissions and improve transmission efficiency, especially in a poor network environment with a high packet loss rate.
Both of these two types of protocol were designed to deal with the loss of frames and the disorder of order during data transmission to improve the reliability and efficiency of data transmission. However, the specific ways in which they dealt with the problem were different.
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2026-04-18 19:38
protocol translation
The price quoted for contractual translation was usually affected by many factors:
1. ** Language pair **: Common ones such as Chinese-English translation may cost 200 - 400 yuan per 1,000 words; translation between minor languages and Chinese may cost 300 - 500 yuan per 1,000 words.
2. ** The complexity of the agreement **: For general agreements, the terms are relatively common and simple, and the fee is relatively low, about 200 - 300 yuan/1,000 words; for agreements involving complicated legal terms, professional terms, and strict format requirements, the fee may be 350 - 500 yuan/1,000 words.
3. ** Delivery Time **: During the normal delivery period, the above standard charges will be applied. If the customer requests urgent delivery, an additional fee may be added.
4. ** Translator's Quality Requirement **: Standard quality, able to accurately convey the content of the agreement, moderate fee; High quality, accurate language, compliance with legal documents, high fee.
In general, the price of the contract translation was about 200 - 500 yuan per thousand words. The specific price still needed to be confirmed in detail. In addition, the word "protocol" has different meanings in different scenarios. In the Internet industry, it has the meaning of "protocol"(for example, the full name of the IP address is Internet Protocol Address). In the political context, it is inclined to reach a political consensus, rule, or speech technique (such as political protocol). In the diplomatic context, it means a set of rules or etiquette (such as diplomatic protocol). When translating the protocol, you need to accurately understand the meaning of these words in different context.
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2026-04-20 03:49
Introduction to the TTL communication protocol
Transcendence Logic was a type of circuit logic that was mainly used to control the input and output signals of computer circuits.
When the circuit input receives a high-level signal, the TTL will send a low-level signal to the circuit output. It can be used to implement a variety of circuit controls, such as gate circuits, shift register, counters, and clock circuits.
The standard of the TTL level was that +5V was equivalent to a logic " 1 ", and 0V was equivalent to a logic " 0 ". This method of data communication and level regulation was called the TTL signal system. Ordinary electronic devices used TTL, but some communication methods such as RS232, RS485, USB, etc. used differential signals on the transmission line. The TTL protocol is suitable for digital circuits and microchip systems, while the RS232 protocol is commonly used for computer serial communication and industrial automatic control systems. The input of a TTL circuit is usually in a high state when it is not connected because they usually have an internal pull up resistance.
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2026-04-18 12:44
What does 'novel protocol' mean?
I think 'novel protocol' could refer to a new or unique set of rules or procedures, especially in a specific context like science or technology.
3 answers
2024-10-05 21:33
What is the significance of 'protocol 7 true story'?
I don't know the specific significance without more details. It could be significant within the context of the group or system that uses it. Maybe it represents a major breakthrough or a big change in the way things are done if it's related to a project or research.
2 answers
2024-12-01 05:04
What protocol was Novell develop for Netware?
The protocol that Novell developed for Netware is IPX/SPX. It played a crucial role in enabling reliable and fast data exchange within Netware-based networks. It had features tailored to the unique characteristics of Netware's architecture and functionality.
1 answer
2024-10-14 15:24
What is the Montreal Protocol Success Story?
The Montreal Protocol is indeed a remarkable success story. It started as a response to the growing threat of ozone layer depletion. Scientists discovered that substances such as CFCs were causing a hole in the ozone layer. The Protocol then came into play. It required countries to take action to reduce the production and consumption of these harmful substances. Over time, strict regulations were implemented and monitored. As a result, the levels of ozone - depleting substances in the atmosphere have decreased. The ozone layer has started to show signs of recovery. This is a huge victory for environmental protection. It also serves as an example for future international environmental agreements, showing that with determination and cooperation, we can reverse the damage caused by human activities to the planet's vital systems.
1 answer
2024-10-31 00:00
What is the full story of Callisto Protocol?
Well, in The Callisto Protocol, the story begins with a sense of normalcy within the prison facility on Callisto. But then, things go horribly wrong as some sort of experiment or contagion starts to spread. The protagonist is thrust into a world of danger, facing off against grotesque enemies. As the game progresses, we learn more about the origin of the outbreak, which seems to be tied to some unethical scientific research. There are also elements of corporate conspiracy and cover - up. The player must navigate through the prison, solving puzzles and fighting for their life, all while trying to piece together the full story of what has happened.
1 answer
2024-12-10 02:32
Explore the 'Batman Knightfall Protocol' in Fanfiction
In fanfiction related to the 'Batman Knightfall Protocol', a common theme could be the reactions of the other members of the Bat - family. For example, how does Robin feel when he discovers Batman is considering or has activated the protocol? It could lead to some great character - development moments.
2 answers
2024-11-14 15:41
arq protocol sending window maximum
In the ARQ protocol, the maximum transmission window is related to the type of the protocol.
1. ** Stop and Wait ARQ protocol **: After sending a frame, the sending station must wait for an acknowledgment signal. After receiving an acknowledgment signal, it will continue to send the next frame. There is no mention of the maximum value of the sending window size.
2. ** Repeat ARQ protocol **: It is a combination of sliding window technology and automatic repeat request technology. The maximum sending window is 2^(n - 1)(considering the possible loss of the ACK, it will be repeated after a time limit).
3. ** Continuous ARQ protocol (includes two types of protocol:
- For the backward N-frame protocol, 1 <transmission window <= 2n- 1.
- For the selective replay protocol, the transmit window is <= 2^(n - 1), and when the transmit window is the maximum, the receive window = transmit window = 2n - 1.
"Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
1 answer
2026-04-18 05:31
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