The Principle of Reaction and the Analysis of the Answer to the Big Chemistry Questions in Senior High SchoolThe following are some examples of high school chemistry questions related to the principle of reaction and the analysis of the answers:
** I. Reaction principles related to the preparation of Titanium Dioxidefrom Titanium Ore and the subsequent production of Titanium **
1. ** Titanium Ore Purification and Reaction **
- Treatment of FeO impurities when purifying titanium ore:
- If titanium ore (FeTiO2, containing FeO, Al2O2, SiO2 and other impurities) is used to prepare TiO2, the reaction 2H2SO2 + FeTiO2 = TiOSO2 + FeSO2 + 2H2O occurs in step 2. The removal of FeO impurities needed to be determined according to the requirements of the subsequent production on the purity of the product. Since there were no more restrictions given here, it was not clear whether it needed to be removed.
- Reaction when purifying titanium ore with a concentrated solution of soda:
- For the aluminum dioxide O in the ore, the reaction will occur: aluminum dioxide O +2NaAlO +2NaAlO + H O; for SiO2, the reaction will occur: SiO2 +2NaAlO +2NaAlO +H O.
2. ** Reaction principle of preparing metallic titanium with TiO2 **
- ** Method 1: Electrolysi **
- Titanium was prepared by using the treated TiO2 as the negative pole, the lead as the positive pole, the molten CaCl2 as the bath, and the carbon block as the bath.
- The reaction formula of the negative reaction is: TiO2 + 4e = Ti+2O2.
- The reason why carbon blocks needed to be added to the cell regularly during the fermentation process was that during the fermentation process, the reaction 2O2-4e =O <2> occurred on the positive pole, and the generated oxygen would react with the carbon blocks, thus ensuring the continuous fermentation process and reducing the loss of the positive pole.
- ** Method 2: chloride-reduction method **
- The first step was to react TiCl2 with Cl2 and C to obtain TiCl2, which was then reduced to Ti with titanium. The reaction of TiCl2 (l)+ O2 (g)= +151 kJ·mol1 is difficult to occur.
- When carbon was added, it was known that C(s)+O ^(g)=CO ^(g), and the two reactions were added according to Gass 'law to obtain TiCl2 (s)+C(s)+2Cl2 (g)= TiCl2 (l)+ CO2 (g). The reaction had a value of +151 kJ·mol1, and a value of-243 kJ·mol1.
- From the perspective of chemical equilibrium, when carbon was added to the chloridizing reaction system, the reason why the chloridizing reaction could proceed smoothly was that after carbon was added, the carbon reacted with oxygen, consuming the oxygen generated by the reaction of TiO2 (s)+2Cl2 (g)=TiCl (l)+ O2 (g), which reduced the oxygen concentration in the reaction system. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium moved in the direction of positive reaction, so that the chloridizing reaction could proceed smoothly.
** 2. Principles of chemical reactions, comprehensive questions, characteristics, and related reaction principles **
The comprehensive questions on the principles of chemical reactions often used "Desulfurization, Denitration, Reduction of carbon dioxide, Water Gas Production and New Material Production, New Technology Research for the Synthesis of Ammo" as the proposition materials.
1. ** Principle of Desulfurization and Denitration **
- For example, the sulfur removal reaction may involve reactions such as Cao + SO2 = CaSO, 2CaSO + O2 = 2CaSO, etc. The principle was to use the reaction of an acidic oxide-sulfur dioxide (SO2) with an basic oxide-sulfur dioxide (CaOx), and then further oxidize the sulphites into sulphates, thereby achieving the purpose of removing sulfur.
- Denitration reactions may involve reactions such as the catalyze of nitrogen, such as 4NH2 + 5O <2>= 4NO +6H <2> O (under the effect of a catalyst), and then NO is further converted into non-toxic nitrogen. This process uses the oxido-reduction reaction to convert nitrogen dioxide into harmless substances.
2. ** Reaction Principle of CO2 Reduction **
- It may involve a fixed reaction of carbon dioxide, such as CO2 <2>+ CaCO2 <2>= CaCO2 <2>+ H2 <2> O, which is a reaction that absorbs carbon dioxide with an alkali-based solution. In some chemical processes, there may also be reactions that use a catalyst to convert carbon dioxide into other useful substances. For example, carbon dioxide and hydrogen react under certain conditions to form methanoi (CO2 + 3H → CH2·H·O + H·O, under the effect of a catalyst). In this way, carbon dioxide is reduced and resources are converted.
3. ** Water gas preparation reaction principle **
- The water gas preparation reaction was C + H <2> O(g)=CO + H <2>(under high temperature conditions). This was a typical reaction between carbon and water vapor. The high temperature was used to enhance the reduction of carbon, reducing the hydrogen in the water and producing carbon dioxide at the same time.
4. ** Reaction principles related to the research of the new process of synthetic nitrogen **
- The traditional synthetic nitrogen reaction was N Chi +3H Chi 2NH2 (under high temperature, high pressure, and catalyst conditions). In the research of new processes, they might study new catalyst to increase the reaction rate, change the reaction conditions to reduce energy consumption, etc. According to Le Chatelier's principle, high pressure and low temperature were conducive to the positive reaction, but in actual industrial production, factors such as reaction rate had to be considered to choose the appropriate reaction conditions.
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What are the principles for the preparation of the tender?The principles for the preparation of the tender are as follows:
1. Comprehensively reflect the needs of the user unit: The bidding agency should organize the user unit, designers, and experts to prepare the tender according to the situation of the user unit and the complexity of the project, so as to fully reflect the needs of the user unit.
2. Scientific and reasonable: The technical requirements and business conditions must be sufficient and realistic. The technical requirements must be determined according to the actual situation of the project site, the feasibility report, and the technical and economic analysis to avoid the waste of functions and unnecessary expenses caused by blindly raising the standards.
3. Fair competition (without discrimination clauses): The bidding shall follow the principles of publicity, fairness, and fairness. When preparing and reviewing the tender, it must be ensured that there are no discrimination clauses. This is the key link to ensure the fairness and fairness of the bidding. Only fairness and publicity can attract competitive bidders to compete and safeguard the interests of the user unit and the country.
4. Protect the interests of enterprises and the government: When preparing the tender document, attention should be paid to protecting the business secrets of the user unit, and at the same time, it must not harm the interests of the country and the public.
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Shen Ruqi and Su Guzhi's novelsThis novel described Shen Ruqi's encounter and Su Guzhi's rescue of her. Shen Ruqi was the eldest daughter of the Shen family, a wealthy businessman in the capital. However, she was framed by Ye Mingyuan and Shen Rusou. Her reputation was ruined and her family cut off all ties with her. She was thrown into the garbage dump and was on the verge of death. Her corneas were dug out and her abdomen was injured. No one dared to save her because they were afraid of Ye Mingyuan. However, Su Guzhi had saved her life with a gift of five million yuan. He had even given her a blood transfusion and decided to let the doctor operate on her, who was seriously infected. Su Guzhi had once pursued Shen Ruqi but was humiliated. His behavior now was in stark contrast to the person who had humiliated her before.
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How to say it in English without intersection?"No intersection" could be "nothing in common," pronounced as [nu n], or "have no overlap," pronounced as [hāv n], or "don't have any intersections," pronounced as [d nt hāv ṣ eni nt ṣ sek nz].
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