Not that I know of. Usually, comic characters have a certain level of popularity or recognition, but I haven't heard of Patience Phillips being in the comics. It's possible she's in some obscure or niche comics that aren't widely known.
Sure is. The events depicted in Captain Phillips are inspired by actual events that took place. It gives a realistic account of a harrowing maritime ordeal.
Yes, Captain Phillips was based on a real-life incident. The movie tells the story of the hijacking of the MV Maersk Alabama by Somali pirates in 2009.
In the 'father does know best the lauren chapin story', Lauren Chapin is probably the person whose life and experiences are being told in relation to her father's wisdom. She could be an ordinary person whose story of family dynamics, with her father being the source of great knowledge, is being shared. Without more details, it's difficult to say more about her, but she's clearly an important part of this narrative.
It could be that Bella has a love interest that Lauren also fancies. In fanfiction, love triangles are common. If the object of affection shows more interest in Bella, it would make Lauren jealous. For example, if there's a guy both of them like, and he always chooses Bella over Lauren.
I'm not sure exactly what 'Phillips Mill the full story' refers to, but a mill named Phillips Mill could have a long and interesting history. It might have been involved in milling various products like flour or lumber. There could be tales of the people who owned it and the workers who toiled there.
I don't know off the top of my head. Maybe check entertainment news websites or the official credits of the show to confirm if Lauren London is part of True Story.