One common theme is the exploration of their relationship. Given their different personalities in the original work, fanfictions often focus on how they bridge the gap between them, like how Giyuu's stoicism and Shinobu's more cheerful yet calculating nature interact.
The themes usually include unspoken love. Since both characters are not very vocal about their feelings in the original story, fanfictions often explore the idea of them having deep, unspoken emotions for each other. Also, there's the theme of support. They support each other in battles against demons, and this aspect is often elaborated on in fanfictions, like how Shinobu's medical knowledge helps Giyuu when he's injured.
Inosuke doesn't become a Hashira in the manga. The story progresses with him having other significant experiences and achievements instead of achieving that specific position.
It's hard to give an exact number. Different story arcs and battles led to the deaths of multiple hashira. Some died heroically, while others met their fate in unexpected ways. The count changes as the manga progresses.