Major discovery inside the earth

Answer 1

There were many major discoveries inside Earth:
1. ** Mantle structure and mantle plume related discovery **
- At a depth of 660 kilometers, the mantle is divided into an upper mantle and a lower mantle, where the pressure flattened the crystal lattice of cuspitite into bright-olivine. The mantle contains mantle plumes, which begin at the 150-kilometer transition zone between solid rock and liquid iron core. The upper part of the plume will melt due to the decrease in pressure near the crust, causing the crust to melt and volcanic activity. A volcanic island chain like Hawaii is formed on the oceanic plate above the plume.
- Mantle plumes were the branches and processes of two giant superplumes that faced each other around the iron core and were previously thought to be independent of each other. The "large low shear-rate region"(LSVP) was also discovered, where the speed of wave transmission was slower than the speed of the surrounding mantle. For example, the Tuzo region of Africa was about 800 kilometers above sea level, and its branches spread all over the African continent, all the way to Iceland. Branches of the Pacific Ocean were exposed in many volcanic islands.
- The superplume activity had a periodic pattern and was consistent with the duration of the supercontinent cycle, which was the stage of complete assembly and disintegration of the supercontinent. The magnetic plume activity lasted for 50 - 700 million years, just like the supercontinent cycle. The existence of the supercontinent coincided with the plume activity, and the subduction plate provided the necessary materials for the LL SVP region.
2. ** Kola ultra-deep hole drilling related discovery **
- The Kola ultra-deep hole was located on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia, with a drilling depth of 12,262 meters. During the drilling process, it was discovered that the temperature and pressure inside the Earth increased sharply with the increase of depth. When drilling to a certain depth, it encountered a high temperature of up to 300 degrees Celsius and huge pressure. At the same time, the crustal-structure was complex, composed of different rock layers with different hardness and fracture degrees. However, a large amount of gold was discovered during the drilling process, which also hinted that there might be more undiscovered resources deep in the earth.
3. ** Earth's internal moisture related discovery **
- It was difficult to determine the exact cause and source of the water that was born millions of years ago deep under the earth's crust and finally came to the rocks deep on the surface after a long journey. Through the analysis of volcanic rock samples near California, the oldest batch of hydrogen minerals was detected, which helped to study the form and source of water in the Earth's interior.
4. ** Freshwater Lake and Earth Rotation Discoveries **
- A huge lake was found in the province of Canada. It may have been formed by the melting of ancient glaciers and the filling of low-lying areas. The study found that freshwater lakes not only had an impact on the surrounding environment and global warming, but also had a direct relationship with the Earth's rotation. They might be interconnected and participate in a huge system. The dynamic evolution of this system affected the shaping of the Earth's surface and the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean.