Jianyu

Answer 1

Jade identification was a complicated process that involved many factors.

** 1. The factors that affect the evaluation of the Jade Mirror **
1. ** The aesthetic difference **
- Different people had different aesthetic preferences. For example, people who didn't like jade might find it ordinary even if it was of excellent quality. Newbies might place too much emphasis on whiteness, and they would not give high praise to jade with low whiteness but pure and delicate jade quality. The jade carving master had high requirements for the craftsmanship of the opponent and had a standard for the evaluation of the shape. If the carving skill was poor, even if the jade quality was good, it would give a lower evaluation of the shape.
2. ** Experience the difference **
- Merchants who specialized in high-end jade products chose the best materials, carved them, and sold them. During the evaluation, he often compared the sample with his own collection and might give a lower evaluation than the actual one.
3. ** Maliciously belittling **
- In the industry, a small number of merchants had malicious behavior. Unless it was his own jade, he would only look at the defects when helping others to appraise it. He would even maliciously slander competitors to mislead consumers. The entire jade industry was a community of credit. The reputation of the industry depended on the careful evaluation and integrity of all employees.

** 2. Common methods and problems of jade identification **
1. ** Knife Carving Technique (for Hetian Jade)**
- The theoretical basis was that Hetian jade was nephrite, with a hardness of about 6.5, which was higher than ordinary glass and stone. It was believed that using a knife to carve would not leave a mark, and leaving a mark was fake jade. However, this method was not reliable. On the one hand, jade was precious, and using a knife to cut jade could damage the jade. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology, unscrupulous merchants could make fake jade reach hardness standards. For example, some glass hardness reached 7.0, and there was no trace left.
2. ** Hair Burning Method **
- Using the physical principle of jade's thermal conductivity, because jade is cool and has good thermal conductivity (determined by the characteristics of tremolite), when the hair tied to the jade is burned, if the heat of the flame is absorbed by the jade, the hair will not burn when it reaches the ignition point. However, if the flame was large and burned for a long time, the hair would be easily burned and the jade would be damaged. Moreover, many smooth surfaces, such as glass, stone, stainless steel, etc., could also burn the hair, so this method could not identify jade.
3. ** Jade Striking Technique **
- The ancients had a saying of "the sound of jade". The sound produced by hitting Hetian jade was loud and clear. If two pieces of the same jade were used to compare, the dull sound would not be Hetian jade.

** 3. Techniques to identify Hetian jade **
1. ** Appearance identification **
- Hetian jade had a certain density and hardness. Its surface was oily and glossy, and its texture was delicate. There were tiny fiber structures inside. One could determine its authenticity by observing these characteristics.
2. ** Hardness Test **
- The hardness of Hetian jade is generally about 6 degrees on Mohs scale. You can use a hardness tester or a knife to gently scratch the surface of the jade. If there are scratches, it may not be Hetian jade.
3. ** Color identification **
- The color of real Hetian jade was relatively pure, and there were very few mixed colors or rich colors. Fake Hetian jade was dyed on the surface, and the color was unnatural and easy to fade.
4. ** Internal structure observation **
- Observing the internal structure of Hetian jade with a magnifying glass, one could see features such as a fiber structure and a cloud-like structure. These were important criteria for identifying authenticity.
5. ** Oil Gloss Inspection **
- If the surface of the jade showed a natural oily luster, it might be real and Tian jade, glass or plastic products with a different luster.

When appraising jade, one needed to use all these skills together. At the same time, one needed practical experience and logical thinking skills. Moreover, it was important to note that different types of jade would have different emphasis when identifying them.

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