Qin Shihuang's Biography

Answer 1

Qin Shihuang (259 - 210 B.C.), surnamed Ying, Zhao, given name Zheng (or "Zheng"), also known as Ying Zheng, Zhao Zheng, Lu Zheng, was the first emperor in China history. He was the son of King Zhuang Xiang of Qin and was born in the State of Zhao. At that time, his father, Zi Chu, was a hostage in the State of Zhao and his mother, Concubine Zhao, was once Lu Buwei's concubine.

After the death of King Zhuang Xiang of Qin, Ying Zheng, who was 13 years old, succeeded to the throne in 246 B.C. Because of his young age, most of the state affairs were handled by Prime Minister Lu Buwei. In 238 B.C., Ying Zheng took over the government. He killed Lao Ai, who had an affair with Zhao Ji, dismissed Lu Buwei, appointed Li Si to handle the state affairs, and then annexed Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chu, and Qi. In 221 B.C., he established the first unified multi-ethnic country in China history. He established a central system and renamed it the First Emperor.

After Qin Shihuang established the Qin Dynasty, he established the system of three dukes and nine ministers, put the theory of the five virtues into practice, abolished the system of enfeoffment and promoted the system of prefectures and counties to strengthen the imperial power. In the economy, he implemented the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, unifying the currency and weights and measures, regulating the financial and tax household registration, and implementing the tax and corvee system. In the law, he took "rule of law" and "heavy punishment" as the guiding ideology. In the military, he destroyed the weapons of the six countries, concentrated his power, and sent troops to expand the territory. Cultually, they would unify the written language, unify their thinking through coercion, ban private schools, and regulate education.

During the reign of Qin Shihuang, he drove the Xiongnu to the north to build the Great Wall, and his power was overwhelming. He toured the four directions and carved stone monuments to show his merits. However, the old land of the six countries hated him. He was assassinated twice during his tour. He had once sought immortality and killed more than 460 Confucian scholars due to the criticism of the alchemists. In 210 B.C., Qin Shihuang died of illness on the sand dune platform (now northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province) on his way out. Later, his youngest son Hu Hai, Prime Minister Li Si, and eunuch Zhao Gao launched a sand dune coup. Hu Hai inherited the throne and the Qin Dynasty perished in 208 B.C.

Lu Simian, a modern historian, believed that Qin Shihuang was a harsh person and had strict laws. Liu Zongyuan, a Tang Dynasty philosopher, affirmed his administrative measures and believed that the political system he established complied with the historical development trend and had a positive impact on later generations. Li Zhi, a Ming Dynasty ideologist, praised Qin Shihuang as "the first emperor in history".

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