Radiological intervention

Answer 1

Since I'm not sure what the content of the "txt-file of intervention radiology" you mentioned is specifically about, if you want an assignment content about knowledge related to intervention radiology, the following is an example:

** I. An Introduction to Interstellar Radiology **

Radiology was a new discipline that combined medical imaging and clinical treatment. It relied on the guidance and monitoring of imaging equipment such as digital substitution mammography, CT, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. It used puncture needles, tubes, and other intervening devices to guide the devices into the disease through the natural orifices or small wounds of the human body for minimally invasive treatment. This discipline was one of the three pillars of modern medicine, alongside internal medicine and surgery.

** II. Commonly used techniques and related devices in invasive radiology **

1. **Seldinger Technique **
- Basic Seldinger technique: Percusively penetrate the front and back walls of the blood vessel with a needle core, withdraw the needle core, and slowly pull out the needle. When blood flows out from the end of the needle, immediately introduce a guide wire, withdraw the needle, and introduce a guide tube through the guide wire. Then, place the guide tube into the target blood vessel.
- The modified Seldinger technique: use a puncture needle without a needle core to directly puncture the blood vessel. When the puncture needle passes through the front wall of the blood vessel (it does not need to pass through the back wall), blood can be seen spurting out from the end of the needle. Then, introduce a guide wire, and then introduce a guide tube.
2. ** Embolization Technique **
- Under the guidance of an imaging device, this technique was to insert a tube through the blood vessel into the affected area, and then inject an embolizing agent through the tube to treat the disease.
3. **CT intervention technique **
- Under the guidance of CT, the needle, guide wire, and other devices were inserted into the tumor, which could be used to perform diagnosis and treatment operations such as sample extraction, puncture and drainage, as well as induration or ablations.
4. ** Commonly used instruments and their functions **
- ** Puncturing Needle **: Mainly used for blood vessel puncture.
- ** Guide wire **:
- It was used as a support for the guide tube to pass through the skin, artery wall, and other soft tissues from the puncture site.
- Guide the guide into the curved blood vessels, especially the blood vessels that are curved into angles.
- When the guide tube is too soft and difficult to advance in the blood vessel, a guide wire can be implanted to increase the hardness of the guide tube and help the guide tube advance.
- ** Conduit **:
- It was used for the visualization of blood vessels.
- An intervention procedure.

** III. The advantages of invasive radiology **

1. ** Minor injury, high safety **
- For example, in the chemotherapy of liver cancer, the patient only needed to perform local anesthesia at the root of the thigh, make an incision of about 2 mm, insert a thin tube into the blood vessel, insert it into the liver, inject the drug locally, and remove the tube after the surgery. The patient would be awake during the surgery, and the trauma would be minimal.
2. ** The effect is good, the efficacy is definite **
- For example, in the embolisation treatment of bleeding, the patient's bleeding could be stopped immediately after the surgery, and the drop in blood pressure could be corrected immediately. After the treatment of esophagus stricture, the patient could drink water immediately, and the feeling of eating obstruction could be improved immediately. In the intervention embolisation treatment of hepatic hemomalies and uterus myomas, the patient could be cured at one time with little trauma.
3. ** Quick recovery after surgery, less pain for the patient **
- Generally, the patient could get out of bed and move around one day after the intervention surgery. They could eat and drink on the same day, which reduced the inconvenience of the patient lying in bed.
4. ** Solve many clinical problems **
- For example, in the case of cavernous fistulas, the craniotomy before the intervention was more invasive and difficult, while the balloon embolisation was less invasive and had an immediate effect. When bile duct cancer caused obstructed icterus, the surgical removal range was large or the surgery could not be performed due to the wide range of invasion. The intervention treatment used transcendence puncture, placing a drainage tube or bile duct stent, and further implanted radioactive particles for treatment. Patients with late-stage liver cancer were in poor physical condition and could not undergo surgery.

** IV. The indications and contraindications of invasive radiology (some common diseases can be illustrated with examples)**

1. ** indication **
- ** Tumor-related **: For example, tumor diseases such as liver cancer, hepatic cavernous tumors, and uterus myomas can be treated with chemotherapy and embolisation.
- ** Vessel disease **: Carotic cavernous fistulas and other abnormal blood vessel diseases can be treated through intervention.
- ** Obstructive disease **: Obstructive Jadestus caused by bile duct cancer.
2. ** Taboo **(Not clearly listed in the given information, but can be briefly mentioned)
- If the patient's physical condition was extremely poor and could not tolerate the intervention surgery, such as severe heart and lung failure, severe coagulation disorder, etc., it might be a contraindication, but the specific situation needed to be judged according to different intervention procedures and the patient's individual condition.

** V. The application of invasive radiology in the treatment of lung cancer **

1. ** Lung cancer clinical manifestations and Bronchial Arteriography manifestations **
- ** clinical manifestations **: Irritating cough, breathing difficulties, chest tightness, intermittent bloody phlegm, hemoptysis, chest pain, hoarseness, jugular-vein distension, etc.
- ** Bronchial Arteriography Appearance **:
- Staining of tumor blood vessels and tumors.
- The erosion and destruction of the tumor's blood vessels.
- Lymph nodes in the mediastinal and hilar lungs were metastasized.
2. ** Post-surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer after Transcendence **
- After the infusion was successful, the patient was to flush the tube with saline solution, and then send the tube to the opening of the bronchi artery or the branch of the pulmonic artery. The patient was to be examined and asked if there was any abnormality. After confirming that there was no abnormality, the patient was slowly pulled out of the tube. The moment the tube was pulled out, the blood vessel puncture point (above the skin puncture point) was pressed. The pressure was appropriate to prevent blood from gushing out. After 20 minutes of compression, the tube was bandaged with pressure, and a sandbag was used to compress it to prevent bleeding. At the same time, the pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery was checked.
- After the surgery, appropriate hormones and vasodilators were given to prevent spasm, narrowing, and obliteration of the blood vessels.
- For those who used cisplatins, they should be treated with either hydralization or alkalization, and added with mannitol, dexason, and fursemide.
- The symptoms of chemotherapy such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and white blood cell count decrease were treated.
- After surgery, he was supplied with heat, fluids, vitamins, and antibiotics 1 - 3 days later.

** 6. Protection of Personnel in the Field of Radiology (supplementary part)**

There were many dangers when the hands of an invasive radiologist were exposed to radiation for a long time. In the short term, the skin may be damaged, with redness, edema, itching, pain, local tightness, and may also have local hair loss. In the long run, it will increase the risk of cancer, such as leukemia, goiter cancer, skin cancer, etc. The probability of diseases is higher than that of people who have not been exposed to radiation. It is easy to cause eye damage such as crystallites and affect the reproductive system (male sperm quality will decrease, female will increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal deformities). Therefore, the doctors in the Department of Radiology should wear lead gloves, lead aprons, use protective shields and other protective measures, and regularly perform radiation dose monitoring and health checks.
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