1. **反应热大小比较规则** - **根据物质状态判断**:当物质由固态变为液态再变为气态时,这个过程需要吸收热量。所以在比较反应热大小时,如果反应产物状态不同,气态产物对应的反应通常比液态产物对应的反应吸收更多热量(反应热数值更大且为正值),液态产物对应的反应比固态产物对应的反应吸收更多热量(反应热数值更大且为正值);反之,在放热反应中,气态反应物变为液态或固态反应物时,反应放出的热量更多(反应热数值更大且为负值)。 - **根据反应类型判断**:不同类型的反应热效应不同。例如,燃烧反应通常是放热反应,反应热为负值;而分解反应有些是吸热反应,反应热为正值。一般来说,放热反应的反应热(\(\Delta H\))数值小于0,放热越多,\(\Delta H\)数值越小;吸热反应的反应热(\(\Delta H\))数值大于0,吸热越多,\(\Delta H\)数值越大。 - **根据化学计量数判断**:在热化学方程式中,反应热数值与各物质的化学计量数成正比。例如,对于反应\(aA + bB=cC + dD\),如果化学计量数变为\(2aA + 2bB = 2cC+2dD\),则反应热\(\Delta H\)也变为原来的2倍。在比较反应热大小时,如果两个反应相似,化学计量数大的反应,其反应热数值也会按比例增大(吸热反应增大正值,放热反应增大负值)。 2. **反应热计算规则** - **根据盖斯定律计算** - 首先要明确所求反应的始态和终态、各物质的化学计量数及反应的吸、放热情况。不同途径对应的最终结果应一样。 - 当热化学方程式乘以或除以某一个数时,\(\Delta H\)也应乘以或除以同一个数;方程式进行加减运算时,\(\Delta H\)也同样要进行加减运算,注意各步反应\(\Delta H\)的正负。 - 将一个热化学方程式逆向书写时,\(\Delta H\)的符号也随之改变,但绝对值不变。 - **根据标准摩尔生成焓计算(定温定压过程)**:反应的标准摩尔焓变等于产物的标准摩尔生成焓之和减去反应物的标准摩尔生成焓之和,即\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}=\sum\Delta_{f}H_{m}\)(总生成物)\(-\sum\Delta_{f}H_{m}\)(总反应物)(如果有参考状态单质,则其标准摩尔生成焓为零)。 - **根据标准摩尔燃烧焓计算(定温定压过程)**:反应的标准摩尔焓变等于反应物的标准摩尔燃烧焓之和减去产物的标准摩尔燃烧焓之和,即\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}=\sum\Delta_{c}H_{m}\)(总反应物)\(-\sum\Delta_{c}H_{m}\)(总生成物)(参考状态单质只适用于标准摩尔生成焓,其标准摩尔燃烧焓不为零)。 - **根据化学键的键能计算**:化学反应中的反应热\(\Delta H=\)反应物的总键能 - 生成物的总键能;也可以根据\(\Delta H=\)生成物的总能量 - 反应物的总能量计算。 - **根据热化学方程式计算**:热化学方程式中反应热数值与各物质的化学计量数成正比。例如已知生成一定量某物质的反应热,可根据化学计量数比例关系计算其他量对应的反应热。 点击前往免费阅读更多精彩小说
Most of the chemical reactions were exothermic, because the chemical reaction was a bond formation process, and the bond formation process was exothermic. However, there were also some chemical reactions that were xenothermic, such as C + CO2 = 2CO2. Most of the decomposition reactions were heat-absorbing reactions because the process of the decomposition reaction was a bond breaking process, and the bond breaking process was an heat-absorbing process. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Based on context alone At room temperature, there was no reaction between potassium iodate (Ki) and starch. However, if the mixture of potassium iodate and starch was heated under acidic conditions, a reaction would occur. Under acidic conditions, the ion equation of the potassium iodate is: 4I +4H + O 2 = 2I 2 + 2H 2 O. Iodine (I <2>) could turn the starch blue because it was embedded in the gaps of the starch's spiral structure, forming a blue clathrate. In general, the essence of the heating reaction between potassium iodate and starch was that the potassium iodate was first oxided to produce iodate, and then the iodate reacted with the starch. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Oxalic acid was a dibasic acid. The two groups of the acid could be decarboxylated at a lower temperature to form formated acid and CO2. At a higher temperature, formated acid would undergo a dehydration reaction to form CO2 and water. The reaction equation was as follows: At lower temperatures: <<<p>></p>H - COOH + CO_2↑\); At higher temperatures: <br><br><br>> br><br>> br></br>>CO_2↑+ CO↑+ H_2O\)。 After the dibasic acid was heated, due to the different positions of the two carboxy groups, different chemical reactions such as water loss, loss of esh, or loss of esh at the same time would occur. At 300 ° C, the substituted dibasic acid could also undergo the above reactions. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The working principle of the ultrasonic heating reaction equipment was that the energy-gathering ultrasonic horn was directly immersed in the reaction liquid of the reaction kettle, and a large amount of energy was directly transmitted to the reaction medium, effectively transforming the electrical energy into mechanical energy or ultrasonic energy. The ultrasonic energy could be controlled by changing the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave transmitted to the probe through the ultrasonic generator. For example, the Voshin - 1200 UIG high-pressure and high-temperature ultrasonic reactor was commonly used in laboratory extraction and chemical reaction research. It solved the problem of sealing the horn and the reactor. It could also be equipped with various chemical reactor accessories at high temperatures to achieve the reaction system atmosphere isolation and vapor condensation. There were also related ultrasonic heating machines available on the market. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
It was too general to say that the weak acid reaction was either heat absorbing or heat releasing. For example, the weak acid's ionisation process was heat absorbing. This was because the weak acid needed to overcome the effect of chemical bonds to absorb energy when it was ionised. However, if a weak acid is involved in the neutralizing reaction, since the weak acid is not completely ionised, it absorbs heat during the neutralizing reaction at the same time. Therefore, the heat released by the neutralizing reaction of the weak acid and the strong base (or strong acid) is less than the neutralizing heat of the strong acid and strong base neutralizing reaction.(The neutralizing reaction of a diluted solution of a strong acid and base: H+(aq)+Oh-(aq) H2O(l); AH = -57.3kJ/mole), but the whole reaction was still an exothermic reaction, but the heat released was less than that of a strong acid and base neutralizing reaction. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
In the case of a revertible thermal reaction, the chemical reaction constant was a positive function of temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the reaction speed. However, increasing the temperature in a revertible thermal reaction had a contradictory effect. On the one hand, as the positive reaction proceeded, the system would release heat and the temperature would increase, and the reaction would speed up. On the other hand, the reverse reaction would also speed up as the temperature increased, which would weaken the positive reaction. Therefore, there was an optimal temperature at which the reaction rate was the greatest. This temperature was called the optimal temperature. In the case of the industrial synthesis of hydrogen, which was an example of a reversibility, from the perspective of increasing the reaction rate and increasing the content of hydrogen, the actual industrial production used a temperature of 400 - 500 ° C, and the iron catalyst was the most active at around 500 ° C. In addition, in order to make the overall reaction speed and conversion rate of the irreversible exothermic chemical reaction process fast, a temperature segment control scheme can be used to make it change according to the optimal conversion rate temperature curve trajectory. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Oxidation and reduction reactions occurred simultaneously in a single oxido-reduction reaction. It could not simply be said that either of the reactions was heat absorbing. Oxidation-reduction reactions could be both heat absorbing and heat releasing. For example, the combustion reaction was an oxido-reduction reaction and was an exhalation reaction, while the formation of water gas was an absorption reaction. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The reaction between NO2 and N2O4 was N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g), and the reaction had a Ah = +24.4 kJ/mole (or Ah = +57 kJ/mole, which was slightly different from different data but was positive), indicating that the reaction was an heat absorption reaction, that is, the absorption of heat caused the reaction to proceed in the direction of the formation of NO2. In the reaction process, when the temperature of the system increased, according to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium would move in the direction of heat absorption, which was to produce more NO2. Conversely, when the temperature decreased, the equilibrium would move in the direction of N2O4. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The reaction of the dicarbonic acid after being heated was more complicated, and it would have different reactions affected by the relative position of the two carboxy groups. Some will lose water, some will lose starch, and some will lose both water and starch. The details were as follows: 1. Oxalic acid and malonic acid and their alkyls: easy to lose the ester. 2. Butanediic acid and glutanic acid and their alkyls: Butanediic acid loses its water when heated to about 300 ° C to form butanediic acid; glutanediic acid loses its water when heated to about 300 ° C to form glutanediic acid, which is not easy to undergo decylating reaction. 3. Hexanic acid and pimelic acid and their alkyls: When heated to about 300 ° C, they lose both the acid and the water. Hexanic acid can be heated to form Cyclopentane. 4. When the dicarbonic acid above the pimelic acid is heated, it loses water between the molecules to form a high-molecular acid ether. In addition, in the heating reaction of the dicarbonic acid, if the water loss reaction occurs, it may be necessary to add a water loss agent, such as Ag2O, P2O2, CHCOCl2,(CHCO2) 2O, POCl2, etc.; If the decarbonic acid reaction occurs, it may be necessary to add a base, such as Ba(Ox) 2, Ca2 (Ox) 2, etc. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
In high school chemistry, there were many ways to calculate the reaction between metal compounds and acid. I. Analysis from the Essence of Reaction 1. * * Redox reaction essence ** - When a metal reacted with an acid, one had to consider the reduction of the metal and the oxidisation of the ions in the acid. For example, the reaction between sulfuric acid and metal, the nitrogen in the sulfuric acid has strong oxidisation in the presence of hydrogen. For example, the reaction between copper and dilute sulfuric acid was 3Cu+8H^++2NO3 ^-= 3Cu^{2 +}+4H2O +2NO3 ^-. - When analyzing the reaction between a metal mixture and sulfuric acid, it was necessary to determine the order of the reaction (if there were multiple metals or multiple reactions), and determine the relationship between the amount of substances in the reaction of each substance according to the ion equation. 2. * * Ion reaction angle ** - If the metal ions in the metal mixture could have a specific reaction with the ions in the acid, it should also be analyzed from the nature of the ion reaction. For example, the essence of the reaction between Fe2 + and dilute sulfuric acid is 3Fe2 ++4H2O + NO3-= 3Fe2 ++2H2O + NO3. II. Analysis of the role of nitric-acid in the reaction 1. * * The difference between acidic and oxidisable ** - Part of the sulfuric acid that participated in the reaction was acidic and formed nitrates. The other part was used as an oxidiser and was generally converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO) or NO2). - During the calculation, the problem could be solved according to the conservation of nitrogen. For example, if a certain mass of <anno data-annotation-id ="00000000 - 4000 - 4000-a000 - 4000 - 50000000000">(<anno data-annotation-id ="0000008 - 4a88 - 4a80-a100-a100000000000"> Copper </anno></anno></anno> reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid, the amount of sulfuric acid (acidic part) consumed to form nitrates with </anno>(Copper </anno>) would be determined first, and then the amount of sulfuric acid used as an oxidiser would be determined according to the amount of generated gas (<anno data-annotation-id ="00000a88 - 4000 - 4000 - 400000000000"> NO </anno> or </anno>(NO2>). The sum of the two would be the total amount of 3. Calculating by Extreme Value Method and Average Value Method 1. * * Extreme Value Method ** - Assuming that all the metals in the mixture were one type of metal, the relevant amount of the reaction (such as the amount of gas produced, etc.) in this case was calculated. Then, assuming that all the metals in the mixture were another type of metal, the corresponding amount was calculated. - For example, for the reaction of two metal compounds with acid to produce hydrogen, the extreme values of the amount of hydrogen produced by the reaction of the two metals with acid were calculated separately. The actual amount of hydrogen produced by the reaction of the mixture was between these two extreme values. 2. * * Average Value Method ** - When a certain amount of the reaction of the mixture is known (such as the amount of hydrogen produced, etc.), the composition range of the mixture can be determined according to the relationship between the amount of the reaction of the pure substance and the reaction amount of the mixture. For example, the amount of hydrogen produced by the reaction of two metal compounds with acid was known. According to the amount of hydrogen produced by the reaction of two pure metals with acid, the value range of the two metals was determined or the possibility of a certain metal combination was judged. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>