Fallback N-frame protocol
The Fallback N-frame protocol (GGN) was a continuous ARQ protocol. It was based on the pipeline transmission and used the transmission window to limit the number of packets that the sender could continuously send. Both the sender and the receiver use a certain number of bits to number the packets and use them repeatedly. The sender has a sending window, and the data packets whose sequence number falls within this window can be sent continuously without waiting for a reply. The size of the sending window is recorded as Wt, and the size of the receiving window is recorded as Wr. For the fallback N-frame protocol, Wr is usually taken as 1. Packets with sequence numbers falling within the receiving window can be received. Every time a packet is received, the receiving window will slide back and send a confirmation packet (using the cumulative confirmation method). The advantage of this kind of cumulative acknowledgment is that even if the acknowledgment packet is lost, the sender may not need to re-transmit, thereby reducing the overhead of the receiver and the occupation of network resources. When there is an error or interference, the receiver will discard the packet and the subsequent packets, and send an acknowledgment of the most recently received packet. Once the time-out timer is expired, these packets will all be retransmitted (that is, the N frames that have been sent out will be retransmitted from the error). However, if Wt exceeds the upper limit of its value (if the frame sequence number is numbered with n bits, then Wt <2-1), it may cause serious errors. For example, the receiver may not be able to distinguish between old and new packets, resulting in repeated packets. Moreover, the channel utilization rate may not be higher than that of the stop-and-wait protocol. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
Fallback n frame protocol sending window size
The size of the sending window of the fallback N-frame protocol is greater than 1, and multiple data packets can be sent consecutively. " Choose " was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
The number of sending windows for the fallback n protocol
In the fallback N-frame protocol, the transmission window Max <= the size of the serial number space- 1. For example, if the serial number is identified by a 3-digit system (0 - 7), and the serial number space is 8, then the transmission window must be less than or equal to 7. This limitation was mainly to avoid confusion during the process of sending and receiving confirmation, causing the sender to be unable to accurately determine which group of data frames the confirmation frame was for. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
Backward n frame protocol and selective repeat protocol
Go-back- N (GGN): - In the stop-and-wait protocol, the sender can only send one frame at a time, and the channel utilization rate is low. However, the backward N-frame protocol uses a sliding window method, and the sender maintains a set of sending windows, and can send multiple data frames at a time. The receiver uses the method of cumulative confirmation, and the sender moves the sending window forward after receiving the confirmation. When there was a problem (such as frame loss or long delay), the sender used the method of retreating N frames to re-transmit. The timer here was used to recover data frames or confirm the loss of frames, similar to the timer in the pause protocol. Choosing the Repeat protocol: - Different from the N-frame backward protocol, when the receiver receives an out-of-order frame, it will not discard all subsequent frames like the N-frame backward protocol. Instead, it will buffer the correctly received out-of-order frame. When the sender found that a frame was lost, it only retransmitted the lost frame, instead of retransmitting the subsequent N frames from the lost frame like the backward N frames protocol. This could avoid unnecessary data retransmissions and improve transmission efficiency, especially in a poor network environment with a high packet loss rate. Both of these two types of protocol were designed to deal with the loss of frames and the disorder of order during data transmission to improve the reliability and efficiency of data transmission. However, the specific ways in which they dealt with the problem were different. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
Introduction to the characters in Global Fallback
The characters in the movie included: supporting role-Chu Ge, a husky who was sometimes gentle and sometimes violent; male lead-Jiang Lin, a failed author of a genius novel; male supporting role-Dong Wang, a cold-faced killer from North Korea; male supporting role-Li Zongqi, a malnourished veteran gambler; male supporting role-Qin Moyu, a simple-minded but well-developed and very reliable; male supporting role-Ye Yan, a cool and arrogant man; female supporting role-Wang Yanan, a reporter from Dawn Morning Post with a keen sense of smell; female supporting role-Leiya, the president of Divine Revelation Association, a strong woman. "Global Fallback" Author: Royal Mist. This is a sci-fi/futuristic novel with unlimited elements of the futuristic world. Now that it's finished, you can enjoy it without worry. User recommendation: Divinity is actually the protagonist's halo!😳It was recommended. I hope you will like this book.
The Character Introduction of "Earth Fallback"
The characters included the male lead, Cheng Fan. "Earth Backpack" Author: Who Is My Return? It's a sci-fi/time-travel novel. It's finished and you can enjoy it without worry. User recommendations: Earth reloaded, temperature rose, polar glaciers melted, sea levels rose. The fruits of human civilization have been completely wiped out. Ferns have covered the entire world again. Dinosaurs have reappeared. Welcome to the cretaceous period! However, To everyone's surprise, these fearsome dinosaurs were just pets of some creatures. New book uploaded! Please collect and recommend! I hope you will like this book.
Continuous arq protocol and sliding window protocol
In the continuous ARQ protocol, the sender maintained a sending window of a certain size, and the packets within the window could be sent continuously without waiting for the other party's acknowledgment. The sender would slide the sending window forward by one packet every time it received an acknowledgment. The receiver usually uses the method of accumulating acknowledgement, that is, after receiving several packets, it sends an acknowledgement to the last packet that arrives in order, indicating that all the packets up to this packet have been received correctly. However, this method has shortcomings. For example, when the middle packet is lost, the sender cannot know the situation of the subsequent packets, and may need to re-transmit more packets. The sliding window protocol involves a sending window and a receiving window. The transmit window is the range of sequence numbers of the frames that have been sent but have not been acknowledged, and the receive window is the range of sequence numbers of the frames that are expected to be received. When the default window size is 1, you can operate according to the specific sending process. The sliding window protocol could improve the channel utilization and was a reliable transmission mechanism for data communication. The continuous ARQ protocol can be seen as a specific application form of the sliding window protocol under certain conditions (such as the cumulative acknowledgment method). They are all protocol mechanisms that exist to achieve effective and reliable data transmission in the network. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
The difference between AH protocol and EP protocol
ARP protocol
The Address Resolution Protocol was a network layer protocol. It was between the data link layer and the network layer. It played a vital role in network communication, just like the address translator in the network. Its main function was to convert the IP address of the network layer to the data link layer's IP address. This was because in network communication, although the IP address was used to identify the host at the network layer, it was forwarded through the IP address at the data link layer (such as the ether network). The host or the layer 3 network device would maintain an ARP-table to store the IP address and the MAC-address map. The ARP-table entries included dynamic and static ARP-table entries. The working process was as follows: When host A needed to communicate with host B, it first determined the forwarded IP address according to the route table, and then checked the local ARP-buffer. If there was no matching address, it would broadcast an ARP-request frame in the network. All hosts in the same broadcast domain will receive this request. For example, after receiving the request, host C will find that the destination address is not its own, and then it will buffer the address of host A into its own ARP-table, and then discard the packet. After receiving the request, host B will find that the destination address is its own, and then it will buffer the address of host A and give a response. Then it will package its own address in the response ARP-packet and send it to host A. After receiving the response, host A will update its own ARP-buffer. There were two ways to obtain the ARPs: static and dynamic. The static acquisition was equivalent to manually configuration of the address map in the ARP-table. If the physical address changed, it would need to be manually changed, which was more troublesome. The dynamic acquisition was to obtain and update the address map by the host through the protocol, which was relatively convenient. In addition, there was also a free ARP-type message that was used to detect whether there was an IP address conflict. It would send a broadcast message with the same source and destination IP. Under normal circumstances, it was not expected to receive a response. If a response was received, it meant that there was an address conflict. In the Windows system, there were related ARP-commands. For example, ARP-a could check the ARP-buffer table, and ARP-d could delete the ARP-buffer table. However, due to network communication requirements, the buffer table might be regenerated immediately. In November 1982, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IetF) published the Internet Packet Packet Interface Problem (ARPG) 826. It was an indispensable protocol for the Internet Packet Interface Version 4, which was the most widely used version of the Internet protocol.(The Internet Packet Interface Version 6 was still in the early stages of deployment.) The role of the ARP-protocol in the car's ether network was the same as that of the traditional ether network. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
protocol translation
The price quoted for contractual translation was usually affected by many factors: 1. ** Language pair **: Common ones such as Chinese-English translation may cost 200 - 400 yuan per 1,000 words; translation between minor languages and Chinese may cost 300 - 500 yuan per 1,000 words. 2. ** The complexity of the agreement **: For general agreements, the terms are relatively common and simple, and the fee is relatively low, about 200 - 300 yuan/1,000 words; for agreements involving complicated legal terms, professional terms, and strict format requirements, the fee may be 350 - 500 yuan/1,000 words. 3. ** Delivery Time **: During the normal delivery period, the above standard charges will be applied. If the customer requests urgent delivery, an additional fee may be added. 4. ** Translator's Quality Requirement **: Standard quality, able to accurately convey the content of the agreement, moderate fee; High quality, accurate language, compliance with legal documents, high fee. In general, the price of the contract translation was about 200 - 500 yuan per thousand words. The specific price still needed to be confirmed in detail. In addition, the word "protocol" has different meanings in different scenarios. In the Internet industry, it has the meaning of "protocol"(for example, the full name of the IP address is Internet Protocol Address). In the political context, it is inclined to reach a political consensus, rule, or speech technique (such as political protocol). In the diplomatic context, it means a set of rules or etiquette (such as diplomatic protocol). When translating the protocol, you need to accurately understand the meaning of these words in different context. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
The Character Introduction of " Fallback 07: The Age of Non-mainstream "
The characters in the movie included: the supporting actress, Susu, who was not doting on her, but unintentionally hurt her, just an accident; the supporting actress, Sun Youyou, who said he would take me to see the sea, but never got close to me; the supporting actress, Xiong Wanqiu, who fantasized about spending the rest of her life with you; the supporting actress, Li Guiming, who was my bad girlfriend; and the supporting actress, Si Yinxia, who stayed by the side of the person you love. " Backfile 07: The Age of Non-mainstream " by Where to Go, Green Mountain. It was an urban novel with elements of rebirth, entertainment, celebrities, love, and goddesses. [User recommendation: In his previous life, Lu Chen, an online singer who had become popular through TikTok, was exposed after a car accident.] Unexpectedly, I was reborn in the 2007's This year, Jay Chou had become popular all over the country, and the new generation of the Four Heavenly Kings had become the tripod. "Xu Song, Xu Liang, Wang Su Long aren't popular, but I'm going to be popular…" Lu Chen muttered as he stood on the street. [Note: If there is still regret, what will happen? The wind in the subway is heavier than memories.] I hope you will like this book.