Liao Jinlong Jade

Answer 1

Jade articles of the Liao and Jin Dynasties inherited the jade articles of the Tang and Song Dynasties and made new achievements. They absorbed the essence of Han culture and had distinctive national characteristics.

** 1. Styling **
1. ** Animal Style **
- [Deer Pattern]: There are two types of deer: running deer and lying deer. Running deer ran in the mountains and forests, as if they were being chased by hunters. They had pearl-shaped horns on their heads, bulging muscles on their bodies, and slender legs. Lying deer crawled on the ground, with their heads raised or lowered. Sometimes there were carvings around them to show oak trees.
- ** gyrfalcon style **: Mostly dynamic, like catching a swan, with sharp beak and claws, spreading wings and soaring into the sky.
- ** Tiger Pattern **: The tiger body is decorated with inset lines or double rows of tiger skin patterns. The tail is as thin as a long whip and is wavy. It is decorated with short inset lines in the shape of a "2". The tiger head has the word "Wang" or a deformed "Wang". The tiger nose is connected to the eyebrows.
- [Capricorn Fish Style: After being introduced to China, it became a fish dragon with wings and dragon horns.] There was also a Capricorn fish carved out of white jade, symbolizing that the Buddha had transformed into a big fish and used his body to save the common people.
- ** Jade Beast Style **: Most of them are in the reclining position. The overall proportion is appropriate, the structure is accurate, and the realism is strong. Such as sheep, deer, horses and other forms and spirits. The outline of the animal's body was concise, and the grinding process was exquisite. Its buttocks, chest, and back were round and smooth, and its head was meticulously carved. Its facial features were vividly portrayed, and there were short and small yin lines on its limbs, calves, and tail to represent its fur.
- ** Small Pendant **: Many holes on the back and abdomen. The holes are large, and some are slightly rectangular.
2. ** Character Styling **
- The statue of a child had a large head, a broad forehead, a bulging back of the head, concentrated facial features, a straight nose and small mouth, and a childish face. Wearing short clothes and long pants, the pants were sometimes decorated with cross patterns, rice patterns, etc. Most of them were round carvings, or holding lotus flowers, or playing games. Three or four strong and sharp Yin lines were often seen on the dress.
- ** Human-faced Divine Bird (Garuda Divine Bird)**: Most of them are circular embossed, with the front protruding from the arms and human heads under the jaw. Her hair was tied up with a hook-shaped headband. Her facial features were eye-catching. She had flaming eyebrows, prismatic eyes, a garlic nose, and a ring hanging down from her ears. Most of the inlaid objects that decorated her pupils had been lost. Her eyes were often small round pits. The wings on both sides and the fan-shaped tail on the back of the body were decorated with feathers and fine hair with different lengths and denseness. There were holes at the bottom that might be inlaid.
- Flying Apsaras: Similar to the Tang Dynasty, but with some changes. Her facial features are beautiful and sweet. The tail of the cloud under her is slightly longer than that of the Tang Dynasty. Some of them wear flat hats on their heads, some have long hair hanging behind them, and there are even long horns on their heads. Some even have a male face, and their feet are wrapped in skirts or simply depicted.
3. ** Other Styles **
- ** With a jade pendant **: There are embossed, open-cut animals, flowers and birds, as well as spring water and autumn mountain patterns on the jade pendant. The picture is vivid and natural. Some of the jade pendants have oblate rings under them to hang things.
- ** Crown **: A piece unearthed in Wu County, Jiangsu Province. The shape is basically square and round. The four sides are carved with overlapping lotus petals. The top of the crown is made of two lotus leaves. There is a hole on the left and right of the crown for the hairpin to insert.
- ** Seal **: A flat square body was found in the tomb of Shi Shengzu of the Southern Song Dynasty. The seal button was round and carved with a small horizontal beast. The carving was concise. The buttocks were round. The overall shape only had a rough outline. The lower abdomen was hollow and there was a hole vertically.
- ** Cup **: There are single-handled cups, often carved with dragon heads or hollowed-out arched back climbing dragon shapes. Some cups are shaped like lotus leaves, with curled flower leaves and stems as handles. The surface of the cup is either plain or decorated with popular flower, bird and animal patterns at that time.
- Pen holder: It is nearly rectangular in shape, with a concave pen hole ground on it, or carved into small peaks of different heights. The shape is relatively simple, and some pen holders are engraved with patterns such as seawater on the side.
- ** Inkstone **: It has the same shape as the inkstone, shaped like a wind. The body is smooth and delicate. The ink pool is slanted, and there are two short feet at the front of the inkstone.
- ** Rabbit Town **: The rabbit-shaped town unearthed from Shi Shengzu's tomb is in a lying position. Its eyes are looking forward, and its long earlobes are placed on its back. Its body is round and fat, and the outline of its limbs and neck is slanted. The edges are engraved with neatly arranged and dense short Yin lines. The head, eyes, ears, and neck are really cute.
- ** Jade Fish **: Most of them have a body shape with a raised head and tail. The fish eyes are round dots and circles. The fish body is either plain or decorated with slanted patterns. Some of them are intertwined with flowers and plants. Most of the fins are decorated with three or four straight and powerful Yin lines. The lines of the tail and the back fin are arranged in an orderly manner. Some of them are fat and wide, straight and motionless, but they are finely crafted.
- [Divine Beast: Basically follows the Han Dynasty's style of evading evil. There are horns on the head and wings on the shoulders, but the movement is weakened. It is mostly in a lying position.] The head was slightly square, the front lips were flat, and there were two or three small lines at the corners of the mouth. The eyes were mostly double-lined with a small circle in the box to represent the pupil, but there were also round or oval eye shapes. The body was not as plump as the Tang Dynasty, but the bones were strong and the muscles were protruding. The limbs were bent and folded in a nearly square manner. There were neat and fine short Yin lines carved on the calves, sharp claws, and ribs on the waist. There was an uneven bead-shaped spine on the back.
- ** Flower and Bird Pendant **: The design is often seen with a phoenix holding a flower or two birds dancing and chasing each other. It is often intertwined with hollow clouds and flowers. Most birds had round eyes, but a few had circular and triangular eyes. The edge of the abdomen was often lined with a short and thin Yin line. The knife was straight and sharp. The extended wings were decorated with vertical Yin lines and a horizontal line to separate the layers of feathers.
- ** Fish-dragon Ornaments **: It is a combination of dragon head, fish body, and bird wings. The head is larger, and there is a pearl in the mouth. The fish body is plain or engraved with slanted plaid patterns. The wings are carved like a phoenix bird in the Song Dynasty. The tail is split and rolled to both sides. There are holes in the abdomen or mouth for hanging. Some works are carved into two opposite fish and dragons.
- [Spring Water Ornaments]: The picture is of gyrfalcon hunting swans or geese.

** 2. Ornaments **
1. [Deer pattern]: It was one of the typical patterns on the jade ware of the Liao and Jin Dynasties. Its characteristics were as mentioned above.
2. ** Sea gyrfalcon pattern **: The sea gyrfalcon is commonly seen in the form of catching swans.
3. [Tiger Pattern: The tiger body and tail have unique decorative features such as engraved lines.]
4. ** Peony pattern **: It is shaped like a big flower with large leaves. The flowers and leaves have a large flat surface and are decorated with thin and long lines.
5. ** Lotus Waterbird Pattern **: The lotus leaf is not round and thick, with a concave center and curved teeth at the edge; the side lotus leaf is shaped like a cabbage, with thin and long straight veins; the lotus petals are concise and thick with thin and long engraved lines; the waterbird's legs are thin and long, looking back; the head is concise, with triangular engraved eyes; the body is round and decorated with thin and long engraved lines to show the tail.
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