Selling Jade Artifacts for 30 Yuan Recording
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On Jade Artifacts of Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) was a powerful empire established by the Mongolians. Its jade ware had the following characteristics: ** 1. Production Center and Production Management ** 1. ** Production Center ** - Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, set up the Gold and Jade General Manager Office in Hangzhou, which was under the jurisdiction of thousands of skilled jade carving craftsmen in the south. He made Dadu in the north (now Beijing) and Hangzhou in the south become the production center of jade carvings in the north and south. 2. ** Production Management ** - The official jade production center was strictly managed. It specialized in providing jade for the royal family. It mainly produced large-scale fine jade carvings, precious jade carvings, and large-scale jade mountains that could reflect the achievements of the Yuan Dynasty jade carvings. Their decorative patterns, carving methods, and production techniques were quite exquisite. They had the characteristics and style of the Yuan Dynasty jade carvings. Moreover, the number of carved jade carvings was considerable and widely used. According to the regulations, the small jade carving workshops were only allowed to make decorative jade articles and small jade articles. ** 2. Type and Representative Jade Artifacts ** 1. ** A wide variety ** - There were jade seas (such as the jade sea of Dushan Mountain), jade hat tops (such as jade hat tops carved with double dragon patterns, jade hat tops carved with lioness patterns, jade hat tops carved with human patterns, etc.), jade belt rings (such as jade dragon belt rings with white jade beads), jade stove tops (such as white jade carved human stove tops), jade walls (such as jade walls with phoenix and peony patterns), jade rings (such as jade rings with dragon patterns), jade books, and many other types. 2. ** Representative Jade ** - [Dushan Mountain Jade Sea] was a type of jade carving object that belonged to the Jade Sea category. Its history could be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. In ancient times, it was used as a ritual vessel to represent good fortune and power. The jade carving technique was complicated. It required the selection of high-quality jade raw materials and then carving and polishing. When making, factors such as the texture, color, and texture of the jade had to be considered. It had extremely high artistic value and collection value. - ** Yuan carved double dragon pattern jade hat top **: It is a kind of jade hat top among jade carving objects. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. In ancient times, it was used as a noble costume to represent noble status and noble status. It uses the hollowed-out carving technique and has a fine craftsmanship. It chooses high-quality jade raw materials for carving and polishing. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. It has a high artistic value and collection value. - ** White jade bead pattern cloud dragon ring **: It is a jade ring jade carving object. Its history can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, it was a noble's clothing item, representing noble status and noble status. The craftsmanship was exquisite, and high-quality white jade was selected to be carved and polished. The shape was simple and elegant, and the carving was exquisite. It had a high historical and cultural significance. ** 3. Craftsmanship ** 1. ** Drawn by literati painting ** - Craftsmanship was influenced by the well-developed literati paintings. 2. ** Combination of various crafts ** - For example, the top of the jade hat with figure patterns was a combination of round carving, open carving and flat carving, and there were obvious traces of pipe drilling, which was unique to the Yuan Dynasty. The top of the jade hat with dragon patterns was a combination of multi-layer open carving, round carving and flat carving. The craftsmen also used the color of jade skin to carve leaves and flowers, which was one of the typical works of the Yuan Dynasty. ** 4. Art Value and Collection Value ** - Many of the jade works in the Yuan Dynasty had very high artistic value and collection value. For example, the jade sea of Dushan Mountain had exquisite carving skills and beautiful shapes, and the jade hat top of the Yuan Dynasty had exquisite shapes and exquisite carvings. They all had very high historical and cultural significance. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
110 Fine Jade Artifacts of the Yuan Dynasty
The following are some of the collection's fine jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty: 1. "Dushan Jade Sea: It is a work that can reflect the style and craftsmanship of the jade ware of the Yuan Dynasty. It belongs to the jade sea category and can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. The production process is complicated and has high artistic and collection value. It is used as a ritual vessel to represent good luck and power. 2. Jade Hat Top with Double Hornless Dragon Patterns: It is a type of jade hat top. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. It uses hollowed-out carving techniques and is exquisitely made. It is one of the representative works of jade ware in the Yuan Dynasty. It represents noble status and noble status. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. 3. Yuan carved lioness jade hat top: It is a type of jade hat top. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. It uses hollowed-out carving techniques and is exquisitely made. It is one of the representative works of jade ware in the Yuan Dynasty. It represents the status and noble status of nobility. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. 4. [White Jade Couplet Pearl Pattern Cloud Dragon Ring: It belongs to the jade belt ring category. Its history can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. The craftsmanship is exquisite. It is one of the representative works of ancient jade. It represents the status and noble status of nobility. The shape is simple and elegant, and the carving is exquisite.] 5. [White Jade Stove: It is a type of jade stove. Its history can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. The craftsmanship is exquisite. It is one of the representative works of ancient jade, representing nobility and wealth.] 6. Phoenix Peony Jade: Now in the Palace Museum. The jade is bluish-white and has the same patterns on both sides. It is carved with a red phoenix and a peony with twining branches. The phoenix's slender eyes hold a long ribbon tied to a coin-shaped knot. 7. The jade ring with the pattern of hornless dragon is now collected in the Hubei Province Museum. The jade is white with black spots. There is an oval hole in the oval shape. The ring is embossed with the dragon mouth containing ganoderma lucidum. 8. The jade book is now hidden in Lushun Museum. It is blue in color, flat and rectangular in shape. The top is slightly curved, and there are eight round holes on both sides. There is a round hole in the middle of the top. On the right side of the front, there is a vertical regular script "Empress Sheng". 9. Jade hat top with figure pattern: Now stored in the China Cultural Relics Information Center. It is white jade and round carved. The top of the hat is decorated with the Longevity Star, Lotus, and Egret, which symbolizes longevity. The carving technique is unique and there are traces of pipe drilling. 10. Lotus Egret Pattern Jade Hat Top (Collection of the Museum of Liaoning Province): Jade cyan with brown spots, the whole body is carved with lotus flowers and egrets using multiple hollowed-out techniques. 11. Lotus Egret Pattern Jade Hat Top (Collection of the China Cultural Relics Information Center): The jade is white and smooth, round carving, the theme pattern is egrets and lotus, using the color of jade skin to make it, there are two sets of holes at the bottom. 12. The top of a jade hat with a crane and deer figure pattern is now hidden in the Palace Museum. It is made of green jade and carved. On one side, there is a table in the middle of three people. Beside it, there are people playing the piano and standing. On the other side, there are carvings of crane, deer, ganoderma lucidum, pine branches and immortal grass. 13. The top of a jade hat with a dragon pattern is now stored in the China Cultural Relics Information Center. The jade is bluish white. The dragon pattern is a traditional pattern, and the dragon head is raised. The flowers are deeply sunken, and the bottom is slightly concave with two sets of holes. The unique craftsmanship is a typical work of the Yuan Dynasty. However, based on the current information, it was impossible to provide a complete list of the 110 fine jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty in the collection. The above was only a part of the collection of fine jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Men Selling Artifacts
In China, the sale of cultural relics could involve the crime of reselling cultural relics. According to the relevant laws and regulations, for the purpose of profit, reselling cultural relics prohibited by the state, if the circumstances were serious, was considered the crime of reselling cultural relics. This includes illegal acquisition, trafficking, sale, and reselling. There are two situations that can constitute this crime: first, a unit or individual that has no right to engage in cultural relics business activities resells the above-mentioned cultural relics; second, a unit that has been approved to engage in cultural relics business activities sells the above-mentioned cultural relics beyond the scope. Subjectively, it must be directly intentional and for the purpose of profit. If the illegal acquisition of cultural relics prohibited by the state is for the purpose of collecting them instead of selling them for profit, it does not constitute this crime. The subject of the crime is the general subject, including units and individuals. For example, Feng County, Jiangsu Province, once concluded a series of cases of reselling cultural relics. The main criminal, Xiao Jia, resold more than 700 pieces of cultural relics prohibited by the state (including Class III cultural relics), with a total transaction value of more than 2 million yuan, and was sentenced to seven years in prison; In the case of reselling cultural relics cracked by the Public Security Bureau of Baiyin City, the suspects Tao, Kou and Ma were also taken compulsory measures according to law for reselling pottery pots, colored pottery and other cultural relics from the period of Majiayao culture. These cases showed that if a man sold cultural relics and met the requirements of the crime of reselling cultural relics, he would be punished accordingly. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Selling Fake Artifacts
Selling fake cultural relics was an act that involved fraud and violation of laws and regulations. This phenomenon was not uncommon in the flourishing literary and toy market. For example, there were cultural relic dealers who meticulously built fake ancient tombs and hired people to "excavate" them on the spot to create the illusion that they had just been unearthed to deceive buyers. There were also some lawless elements who pretended to be construction workers and claimed that they had dug up cultural relics to sell at a low price. These so-called "cultural relics" were actually modern crafts made of resin and stone powder. After being processed, they were sold at prices ranging from a few hundred yuan to several thousand yuan. In addition, some cultural relics stores also sold fake cultural relics, and there were countless fake goods sold under the banner of cultural relics stores on some online platforms. This phenomenon reflected the lack of supervision of the literary market and the lack of knowledge of cultural relics appreciation. The relevant departments needed to strengthen the supervision of the cultural and toy market and severely crack down on the sale of fake cultural relics. Meanwhile, consumers themselves should also improve their appreciation of cultural relics and choose formal channels and professional appraisal when purchasing cultural relics. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
How to Appreciate Jade Artifacts and How to Appraise Jade Artifacts
Appreciating and evaluating jade articles can be done from the following aspects: * * 1. Material ** 1. * * Color **: The color of natural jade is natural, and the color distribution is even and natural. The color of dyed jade is gorgeous, regular, and floating on the surface. For example, all kinds of jade should have this natural color characteristic. 2. * * Hand feeling **: Due to the different density, the jade feels different. For example, Hetian jade had a high density, and it felt heavy and cold. Generally, natural jade felt like it was falling when held in the hand, while fake jade was often light and floating. 3. * * Internal structure **: Observing the internal structure of the jade with light, the internal structure of the natural jade is naturally orderly. For example, under the light or sunlight, the internal structure of natural jade looked comfortable, while artificial imitation jade may have obvious artificial traces and even bubbles inside. 4. * * Gravity **: Natural jade has a high density, which can be judged by measuring its gravity. For example, Hetian jade, jade, and other dense jade stones could feel their weight in his hand. * * 2. Styling ** 1. * * Overall styling **: The proportion of the styling should be balanced and harmonious. It should not appear stiff. It should pay attention to the overall beauty. 2. [Details: For a jade with a shape, details are very important. For example, the lines must be smooth, without any broken lines, and the thickness must be uniform and appropriate.] * * 3. Craftsmanship ** 1. * * Pattern **: Pattern is an important part of jade appreciation. It is a form of ancient art. Different periods had different characteristics of decorative patterns, and their complexity might contain the cultural thoughts of the time, which not only helped to determine the generation of jade articles, but also helped to understand the life, culture, and thoughts of the people at that time. Moreover, good jade articles had smooth lines, uniform thickness, and more charm. 2. * * Craftsmanship Difficulty **: For example, some jade carvings of the Han Dynasty have high requirements for artistry, craftsmanship, and material. They can be used as a reference to determine the value of jade. * * 4. Sound ** Hanging the jade with a rope, hanging it in the air and fixing it properly, and then gently knocking it with another jade stone, the sound of natural jade knocking out is clear (as the ancient saying goes, the sound is melodious), but the sound of fake jade knocking out is more muffled. He could also use the jade to knock on the jade to judge by the sound. * * 5. Historical and cultural value ** 1. * * Age **: Jade articles of different ages have different historical and cultural values. For example, the Han Dynasty was the peak period of Chinese jade articles. Jade articles of this period were unique in terms of artistry and craftsmanship. 2. Jade ware is a high-level cultural carrier. It reflects ancient politics, etiquette, commerce, totems, religion, beliefs, and even life customs and aesthetic tastes. It carries rich cultural content. When appreciating and evaluating jade, one had to consider all the above aspects. One could not draw conclusions based on just one factor. If there were still doubts after the initial judgment, the jade could be sent to a professional appraisal agency for appraisal. The appraisal report issued by the formal agency when the merchant sold it could also be used as a reference. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Jade Artifacts Unearthed
In China, many jade artifacts were unearthed. For example, jade articles of the Qin State of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Chu-style jade articles of the late Spring and Autumn Period were unearthed in Shaanxi. In Hunan, the jade pendant of Daxi culture was unearthed from Chengtou Mountain in Chexi Township, Li County; the jade pendant and jade ring of Shang Dynasty were unearthed from Huangcun Village, Ningxiang County; the jade seal of the Warring States Period was unearthed from Yaoling, Changsha City; the jade sword of the Warring States Period was unearthed from Tongzipo, Changsha City; the jade of Qin Dynasty was unearthed from Zuojiatang, Changsha City; the jade sword head of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed from Rongyuan, Changsha City; and the heart-shaped jade pendant of the Eastern Han Dynasty was unearthed from Jiangjiagong Mountain, a nursery in Hengyang City. In Hubei Province, jade handles, eagle-shaped jade hairpins, jade tubes, jade Huang, round jade ornaments, human-face-shaped jade ornaments (two specifications), human-head-shaped jade ornaments, tiger-face-shaped jade ornaments (two specifications), etc. of the Shijiahe culture were unearthed from the roof of Xiaojia, Shihe Town, Tianmen City; Jade handles of the Shang Dynasty were unearthed from Yangjiazui, Panlong City, Huangpi District, Wuhan City; Dragon-shaped jade pendants and square jade bracelets of the Warring States Period were unearthed in Suizhou City; Tiger-faced jade ornaments of the Shijiahe culture were unearthed in Zaolingang, Mashan Town, Jingzhou City. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Jade Artifacts of Xianyang
The jades in Xianyang have profound historical and cultural meanings and unique artistic value. The Xianyang Museum collected the "Six Treasures of Weiling" unearthed from the architectural site of Weiling, the eighth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Hanyuan. These six jade treasures were respectively Jade Immortal Running Horse, Jade Bear, Jade Eagle, Jade Evil Repelling (2 pieces) and Jade Figurine Head. Among them, the Jade Immortal Running Horse is composed of three parts: running horse, feathered man and pedal, reflecting the thought of "ascending to immortality" in the Western Han Dynasty; The jade bear is made of Hetian seed material in Xinjiang, which shows the clumsy and cute bear with various carving techniques; The jade eagle's legs and claws are close together, which reflects the worship of the ancients to the eagle; The jade is made of Hetian white jade, which shows the fierce and fierce dominance of the evil spirit; The jade evil spirit presents the fierce look before hunting; The jade figurines are exquisitely carved and lifelike. These six round jade carvings were discovered in succession from 1966 to 1976. They were rare treasures among the national jade carvings. They had extremely high historical, artistic, and scientific value and were invited to participate in the Nanjing Museum's 90th anniversary special exhibition. In addition, the third exhibition hall of the Xianyang Confucian Temple Museum displayed a group of jade articles unearthed from palace ruins and tomb areas. These jade articles were also representatives of Qin Xianyang's handicraft products, which witnessed the craftsmanship level at that time. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Origin of Jade Artifacts
As for the origin of jade, the academic community speculated that it could be traced back to the late primitive society based on the records that came out later. For example, the Bamboo Book Annals and other documents mentioned that there were records of jade articles during the period of the Yellow Emperor, Shun, and Xia Yu, about 4200 years ago. At that time, the origin of jade seemed to be related to the Queen Mother of the West in the Kunlun Mountains in the West. There should be more jade origins in the Xia Yu era. However, archaeological excavation shows that the history of China people using jade is much earlier than recorded in the literature. As early as seven or eight thousand years ago, the primitive ancestors had created jade culture on both sides of the Liaohe River and Songhua River. Moreover, prehistoric jade articles were widely distributed and varied in texture. Before the Shang and Zhou Dynasties widely used Hetian jade in the Western Regions, they experienced an era of "jade and stone were not separated, and local materials were used". <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Ancient Jade Artifacts
There were many types of ancient jade articles, which could be divided into ritual vessels, accessories, containers, musical instruments, funeral articles, etc. In terms of ritual vessels, there were jade Bi used to sacrifice to heaven, jade Cong used to sacrifice to the earth, Gui, Zhang, Hu, Huang used to sacrifice to the four directions, Gui used by emperors and vassals for court betrothal gifts, sacrifices, funerals, Mao held by emperors, Cong used to sacrifice to the four directions of heaven and earth, etc. The accessories included all kinds of jade jewelry (such as hair ornaments, earrings, finger ornaments, wrist ornaments, arm ornaments, string ornaments, etc.), jade pendants, jade belt hooks, jade belt plates, rings (as ornaments to show identity), jade ornaments (knots on ancient hats), jade hairpins (jade hairpins, ancient women's jewelry), jade hairpins (long needles used by men to tie up their hair or crowns), Zigang cards, etc. The containers included Jue for drinking wine, Bi for warming wine, Zan for offering sacrifices like a spoon, jade nuptial cups used by young couples in ancient times for marriage and drinking, and jade pots. The musical instruments included jade pipes (wind instruments), jade chimes (percussion instruments), and jade zither poles (jade zither pillars). Funeral supplies include jade clothes. There were also jade items such as the dragon used to pray for rain, the jade used to decorate the end of the scabbard, the jade used to swear blood vows in ancient times, all kinds of insect-type jade articles such as jade insects (cicadas), jade bracelets for health preservation, jade ornaments for exorcism, and ancient wine vessels and jade cups. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Digging Jade Artifacts
There were many situations in which jade artifacts could be dug underground. If jade articles were excavated in legal archaeological excavation activities, such as jade, and other jade articles extracted from the archaeological excavation of Wuwangdun No. 1 Tomb, this was an act with scientific research value and was strictly managed and protected. However, if it was like Xingguang Li in Liwan, Guangzhou, it was illegal for some "treasure diggers" to take advantage of the opportunity to break into residents 'homes or excavate jade scraps on the ground in front of shops during the old renovation process. These " treasure diggers " broke into other people's houses, damaged property, and injured others. This was considered trespassing and could constitute trespassing. There were also cases where farmers accidentally discovered ancient tombs with jade artifacts during normal production and living activities such as digging sweet potato cellars. For example, when Jiangsu farmers dug sweet potato cellars, they found jade coffins and jade clothes with golden threads. The correct approach should be to contact the local cultural relics department or experts, and not to dig privately. If jade was dug out while digging vegetables at a grave, if it was determined to be an accidental discovery in normal production activities and there was no intentional or permitted explanation for grave robbing, but if professional grave robbing tools were used and suspected of grave robbing, it would violate the provisions of Section 328 of the Criminal Law and could face a maximum penalty of three years. In short, the legitimacy of underground excavation of jade depended on the location, purpose, and compliance with relevant laws and regulations. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>