Ranking of Higher Level Biology, Human Education Version Knowledge

Answer 1

The following is a summary of some of the knowledge points of the People's Education Version:

** 1. Water Absorption and Dewatering of the Cell **
1. ** Principle **: There are two conditions for the infiltration to occur. One is that there is a semi-transparent membrane, and the other is that the solution on both sides of the membrane has a concentration difference.
2. ** Water Absorption and Dewatering of Animal Cell (Take Red Blood Cell as an example)**
- The red blood cell membrane was equivalent to a semi-transparent membrane. When the concentration of the external solution was less than the concentration of the plasma, the cell absorbed water; when the concentration of the external solution was greater than the concentration of the plasma, the cell lost water; when the concentration of the external solution was equal to the concentration of the plasma, the water entered and exited the cell.
3. ** Water Absorption and Dewatering of Plant Cell **
- In mature plant cells, the protoplasts (cell membrane + tonoplasts + the plasma between the two) were equivalent to a semi-transparent membrane. The condition for plasmosis to occur in mature plant cells was that the concentration of the external solution was greater than the concentration of the cell fluid, and the condition for plasmosis to occur was that the concentration of the external solution was less than the concentration of the cell fluid.

** 2. Other examples of material transport across membranes **
1. The characteristics of a biological membrane: cell membranes and other biological membranes allow water molecules to pass through freely. Some ions and small molecules can also pass through, while other ions, small molecules, and large molecules cannot pass through. Therefore, they are all permissive membranes. The similarity between a semi-transparent membrane and a permissive membrane was that some substances could pass through while others could not. The difference was that a permissive membrane must be a semi-transparent membrane, but a semi-transparent membrane might not be a permissive membrane.

** 3. Knowledge about the existence of mineral salt in the body **
1. ** distribution **: The distribution of mineral salt in the body is extremely uneven. For example, most of the calcium and phosphorus are in the hard tissues such as bones and teeth, iron is concentrated in the red blood cells, and iodines are concentrated in the thyreoid.
2. ** The importance to tissue and cell structure **
- Hard tissues such as bones and teeth are mostly composed of calcium, phosphorus, and calcium, while soft tissues contain more potassium. The mineral salt ions in body fluids regulated the cell membrane's penetrability, controlled water content, maintained normal osmonic pressure and acid base balance, helped transport common elements throughout the body, and participated in nerve activity and muscle contraction. Some of them were components of the prosthetic group, hormones, vitamins, protein, and DNA that constituted the protein, or they could be used as an initiator of many kinds of protein systems. They were involved in many important physiological functions, such as maintaining the activity of the heart and brain, and helping the formation of antibiotics.
3. ** Metabolization and replenishment **
- Due to metabolism, a certain amount of mineral salt was discharged from the body through various channels every day and needed to be supplemented through diet. Its metabolism can be determined by analyzing the concentration in blood, hair, urine, or tissues. In the appropriate concentration range, it was beneficial to health. Deficiency or excess could cause diseases. Deficiency of calcium, iron, and iodines was more common in China. Selenium, fluorin, etc. were different with the biochemical environment. There were both deficiency and excess diseases.

** 4. Cell structure and division **
1. ** Chromatin, Chromosome, Sister Chromatids **
- Chromatin: A substance in the nucleus that is easily dyed dark by basic dye. It is composed of DNA and protein. During the interphase of cell division, it is a slender silk that interwove into a net.
- During cell division, the Chromatin in the nucleus is highly spiraled, shortened and thickened, and can be seen under an optical microscope.
- Sister Chromatids: Chromatids self-replicate during mitosis (including Meiosis), forming two identical chromatids connected by a kinetochore. If the kinetochore splits, they each become a single Chromatin. Each sister Chromatids contained one DNA, and each DNA generally contained two deoxy chains.
2. ** Concepts related to mitosis **
- Mitosis: The main way for most plants and animals to increase the number of body cells. The parent cell's embryos duplicate once and the cell splits once.
- Cell cycle: A cell that continuously splits, starting from the completion of one division to the completion of the next division, including the interphase and division phase. The interphase was from the end of one cell division to the end of the next cell division. The mitosis period began after the end of the interphase, and the interphase was longer than the mitosis period.
- Spindle: A structure that appears in the middle of mitosis and is closely related to the movement of the nuclei.
- Equator plate: In the middle stage of mitosis, the kinetochore of the sperm is precisely arranged on the equator of the Spindle.
- Amitosis: There are no changes in the Spindle and Chromosome during mitosis, such as the red blood cells of frogs. At the same time, the number of nuclei was equal to the number of kinetochore. The calculation of the number of DNA was divided into two situations. When the nucleus did not contain sister chromatids, a nucleus only contained one DNA.
Read more exciting novels for free