What are the eukarya fungi?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic fungi were a large group of organisms with the following characteristics:

** 1. In terms of structure **
1. ** Cell structure **
- It had a typical eukaryonic cell structure, including cell walls, cell membranes, nuclei, and other cell organs. The nucleus was the main place where genetic information (DNA) was stored, replicated, and transcribed in the cell. It was spherical or oval in shape and wrapped in a nuclear membrane.
- The cell wall had a variety of components. In low-level fungi, it was mainly composed of Cellulose-based, yeasts were mainly composed of dextran-based, and high-level terrestrial fungi were mainly composed of chitin-based. The cell wall also contained a small amount of protein and fats. Its functions included fixing the shape and protecting the cells from external factors (such as osmole, pathogenic microorganisms, etc.).
- The cell membrane was similar to other eukaryotic cells, but in terms of chemical composition, the plasma membrane of the fungus cell contained steroids, which was different from that of prokaryota.
2. ** Form Type **
- It could be divided into three forms: fungiform (such as various fungi), thread-like (mold-type, such as root-mold, mustard-mold, asperg-mold, penicillium-mold, etc.), and yeast-type (such as yeast).

** 2. Category **
- The fungi were divided into four divisions, namely the Chytridium, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The swimming cells of the Chytidium have a "9 + 2" structure flagella and can swim in water. The zoospores have a meta-tail flagella. For example, some aquatic Chytidium can cause water mold in aquatic animals. Zygomycetes evolved from low-level flagellated aquatic fungi to non-swimming terrestrial species, mostly thread-like fungi, often saprotic. Ascomycetes were the largest group of fungi. One of the characteristics that distinguished them from other fungi was that they produced asci, including lichen, cordycep, morel, yeast, and so on. Basidiomycota was a high-level fungus, and the common species were all kinds of mushrooms.

** 3. Nutritional and Metabolic **
- It was a completely heterotroph organism that relied on infiltration nutrition to carry out saprotism, parasitism, or symbiosis. It needed to rely on other organisms to absorb nutrients. It could not carry out photosynthesis on its own, and it did not have plastids or photosynthesizing colors.

** 4. Relationship with other creatures **
- It can interact with animals, plants, or other fungi, such as symbiosis or parasitism. It plays an irreplaceable role in the development, evolution, material and energy circulation, and ecological environment maintenance and restoration of the Earth's biosphere. For example, in agriculture, some fungi could form a symbiotic relationship with plants (such as mycorhiza) to help plants absorb nutrients, but some fungi could also cause human diseases (such as candida, malassesia, etc.) or cause diseases in plants.

** 5. In terms of human application **
- In the industry, some species such as Zygmy fungi could be used for food fermentation and the production of microorganisms and organic acid; they had a certain role in agriculture; they were also important in medicine and had a certain edible value, such as fungus, tremella, enoki mushroom, etc.

** 6. Species Number and Protection **
- It was the second largest biological group after insects in terms of species. As of 2024, about 150,000 species of fungi had been published. Some of the fungi were endangered. As of 2024, 781 species of fungi were listed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IFN) Red List of Endangered Species. The main risk factors were habitat destruction, environmental changes, interference from human activities and threats from alien species.
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