What are the general methods of keeping drugs? Video
The general method of keeping medicine is as follows: 1. ** Vessel Requirement ** - ** Sealed **: The container is sealed to prevent dust and foreign objects from entering. - ** Sealed **: The container is sealed to prevent wind, moisture absorption, volatile or foreign matter from entering. - ** Light-proof **: Use a light-proof container, such as a brown container or a colorless transparent or translucent container wrapped in black paper. Do not change the packaging or tear the outer packaging of the drug that has light-proof measures when it leaves the factory. 2. ** Tempering Requirement ** - ** Shade **: The temperature should not exceed 20°C. - ** Dark **: avoid direct sunlight and the temperature should not exceed 20°C. - ** Room temperature **: 10 - 30°C. 3. ** Special circumstances ** - Before opening the syringe, it should be placed in the refrigerator at 2 - 8°C. After opening it, it can be stored below 30°C for 6 weeks. If the room temperature is higher than 30°C, it must be stored in the refrigerator and returned to room temperature before use. When traveling, use a towel to separate the ice pack from the medicine. It cannot be checked in by plane. - Before opening the Ziyin Runchang oral liquid, seal it and store it in a cool place. After opening it, put it in the refrigerator. - Most of the eye drops were stored in a cool place before being opened. They were usually used up in four weeks after opening, but there were also cases where they were stored for 12 weeks or one week. - Before opening the tablet, keep it away from light. Record the date after opening it. It will expire 3 - 6 months after opening. Do not carry it close to the body. In summer, take care to avoid light and heat. 4. ** Requirement for placement ** - Don't put it in the bathroom, kitchen, or places where there is direct sunlight. The bathroom was damp, the kitchen had fire risks, the temperature and humidity were high, and there was smoke. Direct sunlight would raise the temperature or produce harmful chemical elements that would affect the quality of the medicine. 5. ** Other requirements ** - Poisonous drugs must be stored in a separate warehouse or a special counter with necessary safety facilities and be kept by a designated person. The packaging container must be labeled with the prescribed poison mark (the word "poison" in white on a black background). The acceptance and receipt should be carried out by two people and signed on the receipt together. The revenue and expenditure accounts should be established and the inventory should be checked regularly. If any problem is found, it should be reported to the local pharmaceutical administration department and the public security department immediately. Read more exciting novels for free
There are several types of general methods for keeping drugs
Generally, there were several types of methods to store drugs: 1. ** Store according to temperature requirements ** - ** Storage at room temperature **: The temperature should be controlled between 10° C and 30°C. - ** Cool Storage **: The temperature must be controlled below 20°C. - ** Store in a cold place **: The temperature should be controlled between 2°C and 10°C. Medicines such as glucose and growth factors should be stored in this way. - ** Cool and Dark Storage **: Store the drug in a place that is protected from light and the temperature is not higher than 20°C. Some drugs needed to be stored below-20 °C. For example, these drugs should be stored in the refrigerator compartment; drugs that needed to be stored at 2 - 8°C, cold and dark places should be stored in the cold storage; drugs that needed to be stored in cool places, cold and dark places, and below 25°C should be stored in the cool storage; drugs that needed to be stored at room temperature should be stored in the room temperature storage. 2. ** Store according to humidity and light requirements ** - It should be stored in a dry environment with suitable humidity. It should avoid being exposed to the sun to prevent the drug from changing its potency. Some medicines needed to be stored in a dark environment, such as some medicines that were suitable to be placed in an aluminum alloy medicine box. 3. ** Keep it according to other requirements ** - ** Store separately **: Do not store the medicine together with other daily necessities to prevent mutual interference. - ** Keep the original packaging and drug instructions **: The drug should be kept in the original packaging to prevent confusion. The drug instructions must be placed together with the drug, and the external labels such as the bottle or box should be kept intact because the external label contains important information such as the drug name, method of administration, and expiration date. - ** Storage by Category **: You can store drugs by category, use, and frequency of use. For example, drugs can be classified into antipyretic and painkiller, antibiotics, digestive system, cardiovascular system, external use, etc., so that you can quickly find the drugs you need. At the same time, do not put medicine with food or drinks to avoid contamination. - ** Storage by Validity Period **: Arrange according to the validity period. The order of the validity period is from top to bottom. The one placed on the top is the one with the closest validity period among the varieties. Check the period of validity and changes in appearance of the drugs regularly. It is recommended to clean up the drugs once every three months or half a year to prevent the drugs from deteriorating after the expiration date. For special drug preparations, such as eye drops, once opened, they must be cleaned up as expired drugs after one month. If the capsules soften, crack or adhere to the surface, the pills are deformed, discolored, moldy or smelly, the tablets fade, turn yellow or have yellow spots, the granules are agglomerated or melted, hardened or moldy, the ointment has a strange smell due to oil-water separation, and the syrup except the suspension has floccule matter, precipitations, or even moldy color change or gas generation, even if the drug has not expired, it needs to be cleaned up. The cleaned medicine could not be thrown away. It could be sent to the pharmacy for recycling. If there was no such way, it could be recycled as harmful waste. The medicine should also be kept out of the reach of children to avoid accidental consumption. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods to identify inferior drugs?
Inferior drugs can be identified from the following aspects: 1. ** Drug ingredient content **: If the drug ingredient content does not meet the national drug standards, it is a substandard drug. 2. ** Drug contamination **: The contaminated drugs are inferior drugs. 3. ** Identification of Validity Period **: A drug that does not indicate or change the validity period is a substandard drug. 4. ** Identification of product batch number **: A drug that does not indicate or change the product batch number is inferior. 5. ** Whether the medicine has expired **: A medicine that has expired is considered inferior. 6. ** Condition of the chemicals **: Pharmaceuticals that add preserving agents and auxiliary materials without authorization are considered inferior. 7. ** Other conditions **: Other drugs that do not meet the drug standards are also inferior drugs. In addition, consumers can also identify inferior drugs from the following aspects: 1. ** approval number **: China's drug approval number has a unified format requirement, such as "Chinese medicine approval +H(or Z, S, or J)+8 digits"(H represents chemical drugs, Z represents traditional Chinese medicine, S represents biological products, and J represents imported and domestically packaged drugs). The approval number of a pure imported drug is "registration number plus one letter and eight digits". If the approval number format is wrong, it may be a substandard drug. 2. ** Production batch number and expiration date **: The qualified drug packaging has the laser-printed product batch number, production date, and expiration date. All three are indispensable, and the printed batch number does not penetrate the carton. If it does not meet the requirements, it may be a substandard drug. 3. ** Drug packaging and instruction manual **: The packaging of qualified drugs has been approved by the Drug Administration Department. The appearance color is pure, the printing is exquisite, and the handwriting is clear. The quality of the outer packaging of fake drugs is poor. The printing of the font and pattern is rough, the color is stiff, and the anti-counterfeit mark is blurred. The paper of the qualified drug instruction manual was good, the printing and layout were uniform, the font was clear, and the content was accurate and complete. The paper quality of the inferior drug instruction manual was poor, the handwriting was blurred, the content was incomplete, and the arrangement was wrong. 4. ** Appearance of the drug **: If it is a tablet or a capsule, there will be deliquescence, sticking, and splitting; if it is an oral solution, there will be a peculiar smell and mold; if it is an injection, the drug with color change and turbid phenomenon may be inferior. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the categories and methods of studying drugs?
Pharmacy was a subject that studied drugs. - In terms of discipline system, there were two major discipline systems, namely pharmacy and Chinese medicine. The first-level discipline of pharmacy consisted of five second-level disciplines, namely medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutical analysis, pharmaceutics, and drug design, and 21 research directions. The first-level discipline of Chinese medicine consisted of five disciplines, namely medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, analysis, pharmaceutics, and clinical Chinese medicine, and 14 research directions. Research methods: - In pharmaceutical research, it was widely involved in drug research and development, manufacturing, quality control, pharmacology, toxicity, drug metabolism, pharmacology, and drug therapy. For example, in the field of pharmaceutical analysis, modern analytical theories and methods would be used to study the quality of traditional Chinese medicine; in the field of drug research and development, the research and development of innovative drugs and improved new drugs would be carried out in accordance with the latest national research and development regulations and guidelines; in pharmaceutical research, the theory of drug formulation, production technology, quality control, and rational application would be studied. These different research directions would use a variety of experimental techniques, data analysis methods, and follow relevant scientific research standards to carry out comprehensive research on drugs. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods of using anticoccidial drugs?
The usage of anticoccidial drugs was as follows: 1. ** Single use **: Use only one drug from the first day of age until the drug withdrawal period before marketing. Its advantage was that it was easy to operate and had a low risk of feed mixing errors, but its disadvantage was that long-term use could easily cause coccidia to develop drug resistance. 2. ** Shuttle medication **: Use different anti-coccidiosis drugs at different growth stages of broiler chickens. For example, in the chick stage, antibiotics (such as monensin and salinomycins) were used, and in the big chicken stage, chemical synthetic anticoccidial drugs (such as nicarbastine and diclazuril) were used. This method could effectively kill most coccidiosis, reduce oocystic discharge and chicken house pollution, but the same drug could not be used continuously in batches of broiler chickens, otherwise coccidiosis would easily develop drug resistance. 3. ** Rotation of medication **: Use one anticoccidial drug for several months (usually after feeding 2 - 3 batches of broiler chickens) and then switch to another anticoccidial drug. It was important to note that the drugs that were replaced could not be of the same type in terms of chemical composition, so as to avoid cross-resistance. Usually, after the use of antibiotics against coccidiosis, they were replaced with synthetic anticoccidiosis drugs. 4. ** Comprehensive Medication **: Combination of shuttle medication and rotation medication. One drug was added to the broiler in the early stage of growth, and another drug was added in the later stage. After feeding 2 - 3 batches of broiler chickens, the other two drugs with different modes of action were used in the subsequent 2 - 3 batches of broiler chickens. It was difficult for coccidiosis to develop drug resistance in this method, but it required a variety of anticoccidiosis drugs. 5. ** Mixed medication **: Use two or more anticoccidial drugs at the same time in a breeding cycle to delay the production of drug-resistant strains by using the synergy between the drugs. However, the actual effect depended on whether there was a synergy between the drugs and whether the coccidia had developed resistance to one of the drugs. If there was no synergy between the drugs or the coccidia had developed resistance to one of the drugs, the effect might not be significant and the cost would increase. 6. ** Medication strategies for different situations **: - For small intestine coccidiosis that develops slowly and occasionally see a few piles of "rotten meat" feces (net or cage chickens) in a large group, you can observe first, and then administer the medicine when there is obvious development momentum. However, the medicine should be administered immediately after the infection of cecal coccidiosis is found. - In chicken houses with a more serious history of coccidiosis, the 4 - 2 - 3 principle of administration (give the medicine for 4 days, stop for 2 days, and then give it for 3 days) can be used to avoid incomplete coccidiosis treatment and relapse. - For the first time, the dosage of the sulfamide drugs could be increased by 1/5 on the basis of the treatment dosage to avoid long-term administration of small doses and prevent the eggs from being killed quickly in a short period of time and the development of drug resistance. - For preventive administration, coccidia powder, diclazuril, toltrazuril, etc. could be used. For treatment, the combination of sulfur, coccidia powder, and compound preparations containing sulfaquin oxaline or sulfapromazuron could be reused. They could also use the different mechanisms of action of drugs (such as ampraline and toltrazuril) to play a "combination fist" to expand the range of anti-killing eggs. - During the outbreak of coccidiosis, it is forbidden to use the absorption drugs (such as activated carbon, smectite, etc.) to prevent the intestine from drying up, reduce the intestine wriggling, and delay the secretion of toxins and toxic substances from the body. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods for identifying drugs and microorganisms?
The method for identifying the microorganisms of drugs was as follows: 1. * * Microorganism Pure Cultivation Separation Technique **: - * * Plate coating method **: Add a small amount of sample to the center of the plate, soak the glass triangular coating rod in alcohol, burn the coating rod with alcohol on the flame and let it cool down. The sterile coating rod spreads the sample evenly on the surface of the agar-based medium, and cultivates it under appropriate conditions. - * * Plate marking method **: Including diagonal line method, curve method, square method, radiation method, four-square method, etc. For example, the curve method was to continuously draw lines on the plate culture medium with the ring of inoculums with samples; the oblique line method was to use the ring of inoculums to pick a ring of bacteria suspension in an aseptically manner, and first draw 3 - 4 parallel lines on one side of the plate culture medium, then turn the petri dish at an angle of 70 °, and burn the residue on the ring of inoculums. After cooling down, draw a second parallel line through the first parallel line, and then use the same method to draw a third parallel line and a fourth parallel line through the second parallel line. - * * Plate pouring method **: Dilute the starting sample 10 times consecutively, then pour the sample with high diluted times into a sterile petri dish and mix it evenly with the dissolved agar-based medium cooled to an appropriate temperature. After cultivation, obtain a single colony. The colony on the surface of the medium is round, and the colony inside is bean-shaped or lens-shaped. - * * Dilution-shaking tube method **: It is suitable for the pure cultivation and separation of anaerobia. Heat the sterile agar-culture medium test tube to melt the agar-culture and then cool it at about 50 ° C. Add the strain to be separated after the gradual thinning into the test tube, shake it up and condense it. Then pour a layer of mixture of sterilized liquid wax and solid wax on the surface of the agar-culture column. After cultivation, the colony will form in the middle of the agar-culture column. - * * Liquid medium separation method **: It is suitable for microorganisms that cannot grow on solid medium. It is continuously diluted in many parallel culture vessels of the same degree. In a test tube containing only one bacteria, most (generally more than 95%) do not grow, so as to obtain pure culture. - * * Single Cell (Spore) Separation Method ** - * * Selection of medium separation method **. 2. * * Gram stain **: This is a staining method used to identify bacteria. 3. * * Principles of Microorganism Identification **: Follow certain principles to accurately identify microorganisms. 4. * * Commonly Used Microorganism Identification Techniques **: - * * Detection of contamination **: - * * Spreading Method **: Spread the test solution in a series of diluted solutions onto the prepared Agar Plate. - * * Thin membrane filter method **: The test solution is filtered with a thin membrane, and the filter membrane is taken out and pasted on an agar-plate or other medium. It is used to determine the number of bacteria, mold, and yeast in the drug per unit weight (volume or area). - * * Control bacteria test **: It is used to determine whether the faecal contamination indicator bacteria and some specific bacteria in the drug per unit weight (volume or area), such as escheria, salmonella, staph. aureus, p. aerogonosa, clostridia, candida, and mites, are not detected in the specified amount of samples or do not exceed a certain limit. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods of injecting drugs into the abdomen?
The drug injected into the abdominal cavity was absorbed into the blood circulation through the superior mesentery vein, hepatic portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, inferior cava, right atrium, and right atrium. The circulation of the drug depended on the route of injection. Generally speaking, drugs that were injected through the vein would spread through the system and then enter the lung circulation, while drugs that were injected through the muscle or the skin would first enter the local blood vessel system, then enter the system circulation, and finally enter the lung circulation. The drug injected into the vein was directly injected into the vein, and then quickly distributed to the tissues and organs of the whole body, and then into the lung circulation. The drug injected into the muscle was first absorbed in the muscle tissue, then into the local blood vessel system, and gradually distributed to the tissues and organs of the whole body, and finally into the lung circulation. The drug injected into the skin was absorbed in the subcuticular tissue, then into the blood vessel system, and gradually distributed to the tissues and organs of the whole body, and finally into the lung circulation. Tail vein injection was an intravenous injection, and its circulation route was directly into the blood circulation. Please note that the appropriate injection method should be selected according to the doctor's advice to ensure that the drug works safely and effectively. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The methods for determining the vanadium-element in drugs are as follows:
One of the methods to determine the content of vanadium-based drugs was to use ICP-Mass Spectral (ICP-Mass Spectral). The specific operation included sample pre-treatment, such as grinding the sample into fine powder with a mortar, weighing 0.1g of the sample and placing it in the digestion tank of the microwave digestion instrument, adding 10ml of sulfuric acid, digesting it at 200 ° C for 20min, cooling it to room temperature, transferring it to a 100ml measuring flask, diluted it to the mark with a thinner, and shaking it to obtain the test solution. Then, the elements to be detected, such as Vandium, were detected by ICP-Mass Spectral Analysis (the detection mode was the collision reaction cell (KED) mode, and the collision cell was helium). Internal standard elements were also needed to be set, and a series of linear solutions with concentration were prepared. The concentration of each element (ug/L) was used as the abyssal coordinate, and the response value of each element was used as the ordinate to perform the steps of linear regress analysis. In addition, the atomic absorption spectrum method can also be used. For example, the atomic absorption of the Thermo Scientific iCE3500 graphene furnace can be used to determine the content of the element Vandium in health care products (special diet products also belong to the broad drug-related category). This method has a low lower limit of analysis and is suitable for the determination of high-temperature elements with low content. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods for determining the vanadium-element in drugs?
There were several methods to determine the amount of Vandium in drugs: - Thermo Scientific iCE3500 atomic absorption furnace was used for the determination. This method was suitable for the determination of Ni, V, Mo, Chromiumand other elements in special diet products such as health care products. The lower limit of analysis was low, and it could meet the requirements of detecting high-temperature elements with low content. - Detection using ICP-Ms (inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrum). For example, when detecting elemental impurities in a certain oral solid preparation, the ICP-Ms inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrum can be used for detection according to the PDE value of each element in the ICHQ3D Elemental Impurity Guidance. The working conditions are that the detection mode is the collision reaction cell (KED) mode, the collision cell is helium, and the element to be detected is detected. The sample pre-treatment should be done according to the specific situation. For example, after a series of operations such as high-pressure closed digestion and using HNO3 as a solution, various elemental impurities including Vandium were detected. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods to assess patients 'familiarity with drugs?
The current reference materials did not mention the method of evaluating the patient's familiarity with the drug. Sorry, according to the information retrieved, I don't know how to answer. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the general antiemetic drugs?
Common antiemetic drugs included the following: Domperidone Tablets (Moperidon), Metoclopramine (Metoclopramine), Thiazides (such as hydrogen thiazide, thiazuron, etc.), antihistamines (H1 receptor blocking drugs, such as diphenhydralin, cetirizine, loratadin, clomarazin, etc.), vitamins B, scopecoline, atropine, alosetron capsules, 5 -TH3 receptor antagonist (such as ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, palosetron, etc.), brominoprocaine, promethamine, mosapride tablets, etc. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>