Mind Map of Material Reaction, Volume One, Volume One

Answer 1

The first volume of the mind map of the material reaction mainly covered the following aspects:

** I. Reaction related to the composition and properties of matter **
1. ** The three states of matter and their mutual transformation **
- The transformation between solid, liquid, and gas involved energy changes and other factors. For example, a solid that absorbs heat can be transformed into a liquid (melting), and a liquid that absorbs heat can be transformed into a gas (vaporizing). Conversely, a gas that emits heat can be transformed into a liquid (vaporizing), and a liquid that emits heat can be transformed into a solid (solidifying). During the conversion process, there would be dipping, dissolving, and settling. For example, salt dissolving in water was a dissolving phenomenon. When the solution reached saturation, adding solute might cause a settling phenomenon.
2. ** Reaction between pure substances and impurities **
- Pure substances were composed of a single substance. To judge a pure substance, one needed to rely on its fixed composition and properties. The presence of impurities would affect the purity of the substance. The methods to separate impurities were filtering (suitable for a mixture of solid and liquid, and the solid was not dissolved in the liquid, such as separating sand and water), and retorting (suitable for separating a mixture of liquids with different boiling points, such as separating alcohol and water). For example, tap water contained impurities, and purified water could be obtained through methods such as retorting.
3. ** Reaction of chemical elements and compounds **
- Elements were the basic components of substances, and compounds were pure substances composed of different elements. For example, oxygen (made up of oxygen) could react with hydrogen (made up of hydrogen) to form water (a compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen), and carbon dioxide (made up of carbon and oxygen) could participate in plants 'photosynthesis and other reactions.

** 2. Reaction related to chemical changes and energy **
1. ** Basic Concepts of the Reaction **
- In a chemical reaction, a reagent was transformed into a product. The chemical reaction equation was used to express the material change relationship of the reaction. For example, the reaction between iron and sulfur to form iron dioxide was as follows:
2. ** Reaction Rate and Reaction Condition **
- The factors that affected the rate of chemical reactions included temperature, concentration, and so on. When the temperature rises, the reaction rate is usually accelerated. For example, when oxygen is produced in the laboratory, the reaction rate of heating the decomposition of potassium pernate is faster than that at room temperature. Increasing the concentration of the reagent will also speed up the reaction rate. For example, within a certain range, increasing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase the reaction rate of carbon dioxide generated by the reaction with marble.
3. ** Energy and chemical reaction **
- A chemical reaction was accompanied by a change in energy, and there were both heat releasing and heat absorbing reactions. The combustion reaction was a common heat release reaction, such as charcoal burning to release heat, while some reactions, such as the high temperature decomposition of calcium dioxide, were heat absorption reactions, absorbing heat during the reaction.

** 3. Air and carbon monoxide-related reaction **
1. ** Reaction related to the composition and properties of air **
- In the air, nitrogen accounted for about 78%, oxygen accounted for about 21%, and a small amount of carbon dioxide and rare gases. The oxygen had the ability to support combustion and could support the combustion of many substances. For example, iron burned in oxygen to form iron tritium. The chemical properties of nitrogen were relatively stable and could be used as a protective gas.
2. ** Reaction between moisture in the air and weather conditions **
- The relative humidity was related to the amount of water vapor in the air. When the water vapor reached saturation, the temperature would drop, and dew would form. This process involved physical processes such as the phase change of water vapor, but it was also related to the environmental conditions of some chemical reactions. For example, iron rusting required the presence of water vapor and oxygen in the air at the same time.
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