Another example might be 'The Rocky Horror Show'. It was released in 1974 and was based on some rather unique and subversive ideas that could potentially have been inspired by some novel - like concepts from around 1900. It has elements of science fiction, horror, and sexual liberation presented in a very campy and theatrical way.
One possibility could be 'Grease'. Although it was made into a popular musical in 1974, the story has roots in earlier concepts which could potentially be traced back to ideas around 1900. It has a high - school - based story with elements of teenage love, rebellion, and the social groups within a school environment.
I'm not sure specifically which 1974 musical based on a 1900 novel you are referring to. There could be several. It would be helpful if you could provide more details like the genre of the novel or the general theme of the musical.