Psychological elements play a huge role. Stories that mess with the characters' minds and by extension, the readers' minds, can be very disturbing. 'The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' is a great example. The idea that there is a hidden, evil side within a person that can take over at any time is a deeply unsettling concept. The blurring of moral and psychological boundaries makes the story both scary and thought - provoking.
Surprise and the unknown often make a short story scary and disturbing. For example, in 'The Landlady' by Roald Dahl, the young man doesn't expect the true nature of the seemingly kind landlady. The unexpected twists and turns, like finding out she stuffs her dead guests, are what create the horror.
A sense of helplessness can also contribute. In many horror short stories, the characters are trapped in a situation they can't easily escape from. Take 'The Pit and the Pendulum' for instance. The protagonist is tied up in a dark cell with a swinging pendulum about to cut him into pieces, and he has very limited means to save himself. This feeling of being at the mercy of something terrifying is disturbing. Moreover, the use of vivid and grotesque imagery, such as detailed descriptions of blood, gore, or the appearance of monsters, can make a story really scary.
Often, it's the themes that make a short story disturbing. For example, themes of madness, like in 'The Yellow Wallpaper'. The main character's mental breakdown is unnerving. Also, violence and cruelty as in 'The Lottery'. The senseless killing in the name of tradition is quite disturbing. Another factor can be the psychological state of the characters. If the narrator is unreliable and has a warped view of the world, like in 'The Tell - Tale Heart', it can be very disturbing.
Well, it could be the way it twists the character of Percy in a scary way. Maybe it gives him dark motives or puts him in really creepy situations that are far from his original portrayal, which can be quite off - putting.
The idea of one human consuming another goes against our basic moral and ethical code. It's an act that is seen as the ultimate taboo in most cultures.
Often, it's the unexpected and dark twists. For example, in some of these stories, characters that seem normal at first turn out to be capable of great evil. It goes against our expectations of how people should behave.
Toe soup scary stories are disturbing for multiple reasons. First, the thought of someone losing a toe in a violent or non - consensual way to end up in the soup is terrifying. Second, the very image of a toe floating in a bowl of soup is visually and mentally repulsive. It plays on our fear of the abnormal and the grotesque. Third, there's often a backstory in these stories of some evil act like murder or torture that led to the toe being in the soup, which adds to the overall sense of horror.
The unknown is a very disturbing element. For example, in stories where there are anonymous entities like the unknown user in the chatroom story. You don't know who or what they are, but they have this power over the characters, which is really creepy.
The unknown is a very disturbing element. For example, in a story where you hear strange noises but can't see what's making them. It plays on our fear of the unexpected and makes our imagination run wild.
The shock factor. They often present situations that are unexpected and violate our normal sense of safety and order.
One factor is the atmosphere. A dark, gloomy and tense atmosphere can immediately put the reader on edge. For example, in 'The Tell - Tale Heart', Poe uses descriptions of the old man's room at night and the slow, stealthy movements of the narrator to create a sense of dread. Another is the element of the unknown. When the reader doesn't know what's going to happen next or what the true nature of the horror is, it's much scarier. Like in 'The Call of Cthulhu', the vast and incomprehensible nature of the cosmic horror is what makes it so effective.
A great short scary story often has an unexpected twist. For example, in 'The Lottery', the normal - seeming small - town lottery turns out to be a brutal sacrifice. It also needs a good build - up of tension. In 'The Tell - Tale Heart', the narrator's increasing paranoia builds the tension until it reaches a breaking point. And a sense of the unknown or the uncanny helps, like in 'The Monkey's Paw' where the power of the paw is mysterious.