The Ministry of Magic could be responsible. They might be jealous of Dumbledore's power and popularity. They could see him as a threat to their own authority and come up with some false charges to arrest him. For example, they could claim he was hiding information about a dangerous dark wizard.
It could be Harry Potter himself. He has been a victim of her tyranny and might finally find a way to expose her once and for all.
Maybe a mysterious new character in the fanfiction. This character could be from Adrien's family's past, someone with a vendetta against his family, and decides to start by getting Adrien arrested to disrupt the family. For example, if Adrien's family wronged this character's family long ago, they see Adrien as a target to take revenge on the whole family.
It could be an overzealous security guard. If Rachel was at a high - profile event and the security guard misinterpreted her actions as something threatening or against the rules, he could be the one to call the cops and get her arrested.
There's also a chance that Dumbledore gets caught by a group of rogue magical creatures. For instance, if he was exploring an area that was supposed to be off - limits to wizards and the creatures there saw him as an intruder. They might not be as rational as wizards and could hold him captive without really understanding who he is.
It could be Voldemort. He might have used his influence over some Death Eaters within the Ministry of Magic to frame Dumbledore. By getting Dumbledore out of the way, Voldemort could have a free hand to carry out his evil plans in the wizarding world.
One possible plot could be that Dumbledore is framed for a crime he didn't commit. Maybe there's a dark wizard who has managed to plant false evidence against him. For example, evidence that he was involved in some sort of dark magic plot. Another could be that the Ministry of Magic, fearing his power and influence, decides to arrest him on false pretenses to gain more control over Hogwarts. This could lead to a lot of chaos in the wizarding world as Dumbledore has many allies and supporters who would not stand for his unjust arrest.
Aspiring young writers who are fans of the magical world. They see Dumbledore as a rich character to base their fanfiction on. They could be students who are inspired by the detailed world of Hogwarts and want to contribute their own ideas about Dumbledore through writing.
Even some of the Hogwarts professors or students could catch Dumbledore. Maybe a curious student stumbles upon Dumbledore in a restricted area where he's doing something strange. Or a professor who has a different view on how to run the school catches Dumbledore in the middle of an action that they think is wrong for the school's environment.
Well, perhaps in the fanfiction, Dumbledore is arrested because of his ties to a certain group that the Ministry has deemed as a threat. For example, he might have been secretly helping a group of werewolves or half - bloods who are fighting for equal rights, and the prejudiced Ministry decides to arrest him to stop what they see as a subversive movement. This could lead to a great uprising within the wizarding community, with students and other professors trying to prove his innocence.
It could be Severus Snape. He has a complex relationship with Dumbledore. Maybe Snape discovers some of Dumbledore's plans that he doesn't agree with regarding Harry Potter. He then sends a Howler in a fit of anger to express his disapproval.