The full text of Heavenly Works and Creation, Volume 2
Tian Gong Kai Wu was a comprehensive scientific work written by Song Yingxing, a scientist of the Ming Dynasty. It was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty). The book was divided into three volumes and 18 chapters, including agriculture, crafts, machinery, bricks, pottery, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textile, dyeing, salt, coal mining, oil extraction, and other production technologies. "Heavenly Creations" was the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. It was a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China. Some people also called it an encyclopedia. The author was Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars called it "China's 17th-century Encyclopedia of Crafts." If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!
Heavenly Works and Creation Volume 1 - 2
There were three volumes in the book, the first, the second, and the third, totaling 18 volumes (chapters). The first volume contains chapters on Naili (related to crop planting), Nai Fu (related to clothing production), Zhang Shi (clothing dyeing method), Quenching Essence (grain grinding method), Saltiness (salt production method), Sweet Appetite (sugar production method), etc. The middle volume contains chapters on pottery (related to ceramic production), smelting and casting.[Metal Production Method],[Boat and Vehicle Production Method],[Forging Technique],[Burning Stone],[Ointment], and other chapters. The second volume contained chapters on how to make paper, how to get metals, how to make weapons, how to make ink, how to make wine, and how to make jewelry. It systematically summarized the rich production experience and scientific achievements of ancient China. If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!
Analysis of the Chinese Text of Heavenly Works and Creation
In the text of Tian Gong Kai Wu, such as Rice, the word "Naili" came from Shang Shu·Yi Ji, which referred to grains in the text. Here, the types of rice were described, such as non-sticky rice, non-sticky rice, glutinous rice, glutinous rice, etc. These contents reflected the records and inheritance of ancient agricultural knowledge, reflecting the level of understanding of crops at that time. In a broader sense, Tian Gong Kai Wu systematically summarized the technical experience and scientific methods of agriculture and handicraft industry before the end of Ming Dynasty. The book described the names, shapes, and processes of more than 130 production techniques and tools, and also attached 123 illustrations. It was a milestone scientific masterpiece in the history of ancient science and technology in China. If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!
The full text of Heavenly Works
There were three volumes and eighteen chapters in the book. It introduced agriculture, crafts, and various production techniques in detail, including machinery, bricks, porcelain, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textile, dyeing, salt production, coal mining, oil extraction, and so on. Among them, the Machinery chapter described in detail the agricultural machinery tools, such as vertical axis windmills, sugar carts, ox-turning rope wheels to draw salt, etc., which had high scientific value. The author, Song Yingxing, was a scientist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He conducted extensive investigations in the fields and workshops and accumulated a lot of production knowledge. Tian Gong Kai Wu was written by him when he was in charge of teaching in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province. The book was rich in content and was very helpful in understanding ancient production techniques and scientific ideas.
The full text of Heavenly Works
Tian Gong Kai Wu was a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, with a total of three volumes and eighteen articles. The book covered all aspects of agriculture and crafts, including machinery, bricks, pottery, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textile, dyeing, and so on. It was regarded as an encyclopedia, and the author was Song Yingxing, a scientist from the Ming Dynasty. Tiangong Kaiwu was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of the Chongzhen reign of the Ming Dynasty), and was called by foreign scholars as "China's 17th-century Encyclopedia of Crafts." The whole book emphasized that human beings should be in harmony with nature, and that human beings should cooperate with the forces of nature.
Heavenly Works and Creation
The book was divided into three volumes, namely the upper, middle and lower volumes, totaling 18 volumes. The content covered planting and grinding rice, raising silkworms and reeling clothes, producing salt and sugar products, casting pottery and gold, silver and bronze ware, manufacturing boats and vehicles, household farming tools, lime, coal, oil, paper, and other technical contents. In addition to the tens of thousands of words of narration, there were 123 illustrations depicting the names, shapes, and processes of more than 100 production techniques and tools. The main idea was that as long as one improved their knowledge and skills, followed the laws of the development of things, and worked hard, they could create all kinds of items needed for life. Their exquisiteness was better than nature. The author, Song Yingxing, was born in a declining official family. He and his brother went to the capital many times to take the examination and failed the examination. On the way, they learned the technical knowledge of agriculture and handicraft industry and recorded it. Later, they used their spare time to organize the information and wrote this book. The book was the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. It was called the " Chinese 17th Century Encyclopedia of Crafts " by foreign scholars. It systematically summarized the production experience and scientific and technological achievements of ancient China and displayed the simple wisdom of the working people. However, in the 37th year of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, due to the anti-Qing words in the book and the Qing government's lack of attention to science and technology, the book was banned for 200 years. It was not until the early years of the Republic of China that the Chinese people became familiar with it. However, its translation was widely popular in Japan, North Korea, France and other Asian and European countries. It was of great significance to the modern industrial revolution of the world and the economic development of Europe. If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!
Original Creation of Heavenly Works
The first edition of Tian Gong Kai Wu was published in 1637. This first edition was currently in the collection of the National Library of China. At the same time, the National Library of Paris in France and the Jingjiatang Library in Tokyo in Japan also had this edition. The feature of the first edition was that it was divided into three volumes, upper, middle, and lower. They were printed on good Jiangxi bamboo paper. The size of the book was 26.2 cm high and 16.8 cm wide. Each page had nine lines and each line had 21 words. In addition, the printing of the first edition was funded by Song Yingxing's friend, Tu Shaoyu. Therefore, it could be said that the first edition of " Tian Gong Kai Wu " was very precious. It was considered to be a masterpiece of ancient Chinese scientific and technological works.
Introduction to Heavenly Works and Creation
Tian Gong Kai Wu was a comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. It was known as the 17th century Chinese encyclopedia of crafts. There were three volumes and eighteen chapters in total, including the techniques and experiences of agriculture, handicraft, machinery manufacturing, smelting, pottery, textile, dyeing, paper making, salt making, and many other fields. The book recorded in detail the production technology, tools, equipment, manufacturing processes, and related social and economic conditions at that time, providing us with valuable information on the development level of social productivity in the Ming Dynasty. The author of " Heavenly Creations " was Song Yingxing, a scientist from the Ming Dynasty. He was a famous scientist who systematically summarized the various technologies of ancient China and formed a complete scientific and technological system.
The Ancient Script of Heavenly Works and Creation
"Tian Gong Kai Wu" was a scientific work from the Ming Dynasty, written by Song Yingxing. The book was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty), with a total of three volumes and eighteen articles. The book included agricultural and handicraft industries, such as machinery, bricks, pottery, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textile, dyeing, salt production, coal mining, oil extraction, and other production techniques. "Heavenly Creations" was the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. It was a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China. Some people also called it an encyclopedia. The author was Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars called it "China's 17th-century Encyclopedia of Crafts." If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!
The Complete Book of Heavenly Works and Creation
" Heavenly Creations " was a comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. It was also a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient times. The book was divided into three volumes and eighteen chapters. It contained detailed descriptions of agriculture, crafts, and various production techniques and tools. The author, Song Yingxing, emphasized in his book that human beings should be in harmony with nature, and that human beings should cooperate with the forces of nature. This book had been translated into many languages and spread all over the world, enjoying a wide reputation. It was known as China's 17th century encyclopedia of crafts and had worldwide influence.
What is Heavenly Works of Creation about?
Tian Gong Kai Wu was a comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. There were 18 chapters in total, covering many aspects. In agriculture, it included the planting of crops such as rice and wheat, irrigation, the use of farm tools, disaster management, etc. In terms of craftsmanship, it included clothing production (such as silk production, various clothing production), clothing dyeing methods, grain grinding methods, salt production methods, sugar production methods, ceramic production, metal production (such as cauldrons, bells, pots, etc.), vehicle and ship production, forging techniques, ore processing (such as lime, coal production, etc.), oil production, paper production methods, main metal production, weapon production, ink production, wine brewing, and jewelry production. In addition, there were 123 illustrations in the book, depicting the names, shapes, and processes of more than 100 production techniques and tools. It systematically summarized the rich production experience and scientific and technological achievements of ancient China, and was known as the "Encyclopedia of Chinese Crafts in the 17th century." If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!