Camel Xiangzi is a modern Chinese novel. Its theme and social significance can be discussed from many angles. As for the theme, Camel Xiangzi portrayed the struggle and struggle of a poor farmer's son against the harsh reality in the background of the industrial era. He pursued wealth and freedom and tried to realize his dreams in various ways, but in the end, he suffered all kinds of setbacks and failures. This story expressed the anxiety and confusion that people faced in modern society when facing the changes brought about by industrialization and modernisation, as well as the relationship between personal struggle and fate. In terms of social significance, the story of Camel Xiangzi helps us reflect on the various problems in modern society, such as the gap between the rich and the poor, labor exploitation, social injustice and so on. It also reminds us that we should pay attention to humanity and human dignity in the process of modernisation and protect everyone's freedom and rights. Camel Xiangzi is a novel full of realism and emotional resonance. Through vivid characters and story plots, it deeply reflects some important aspects of modern Chinese history, which has important significance and value.