Why did Jin Yong's novels belittle the Ming Dynasty and Chongzhen?
The main reasons why Jin Yong's novels belittled the Ming Dynasty and Chongzhen were as follows: In Jin Yong's novels, the Ming Dynasty was described as a corrupt and incompetent dynasty with internal and external troubles. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, political corruption, military slackness, and frequent natural disasters caused the country's finances to be extremely difficult. The army was unable to resist the invasion of foreign enemies, and various political struggles and divisions appeared within the army. The Ming emperors in Jin Yong's novels were often portrayed as stupid, incompetent, greedy, or cowardly. Emperor Chongzhen was portrayed in Jin Yong's novels as a selfish, cold and cruel ruler. He was afraid that his power would be eroded, so he used various means to cover up his crimes, such as ordering the massacre of cities, arresting and exiling innocent people, and strengthening the surveillance and control of officials. Emperor Chongzhen was also portrayed as someone who cared nothing about the sufferings of the people and only wanted to eliminate his political opponents, so he often took extreme measures. The Ming Dynasty and Chongzhen in Jin Yong's novels are portrayed as negative elements in history, which is in stark contrast to the positive characters in the novel. The positive characters in the novel were usually portrayed as brave, upright, and responsible characters, while the Ming Dynasty and Chongzhen were portrayed as corrupt, internal and external troubles, selfish, and cruel dynasties, forming a sharp contrast with the characters in the novel. The main reason why Jin Yong belittled the Ming Dynasty and Chongzhen in his novels was to enhance the drama and plot tension of the novel. Although this method might cause some misunderstanding and deviation from historical facts, it was understandable in the creation of novels.
Why did Yi Zhongtian belittle the Ming Dynasty and praise the Qing Dynasty? Was the Ming Dynasty really worse than the Qing Dynasty?
Yi Zhongtian was a famous historian and emcee. He had commented on ancient Chinese history in his works. These evaluations often involved the politics, economy, culture, and other aspects of different dynasties. Yi Zhongtian had once put forward some views on the comparison between the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, including: 1. The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty had different political systems. The Qing Dynasty adopted the autocratic and feudal monarchical system, while the Ming Dynasty was more open and implemented democratic politics. In terms of economy, the Qing Dynasty was relatively developed, especially in agriculture and craftsmanship. The Ming Dynasty, on the other hand, had some economic problems such as financial constraints and trade restrictions. In terms of culture, the traditional culture of the Qing Dynasty was more conservative, while the Ming Dynasty was more open. Some cultural innovation and literary schools appeared. Yi Zhongtian's view was not absolute, and it was also criticized by some historians and historians. There was no simple answer to the question of whether the Ming and Qing Dynasties were worse than the Qing Dynasty. Every dynasty had its own unique historical background and characteristics, and many factors needed to be considered when evaluating the same period of history.
Which of Jin Yong's novels are about the Ming Dynasty?
Most of Jin Yong's novels were about the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, and there was not much direct connection between them and the Ming Dynasty. However, some of Jin Yong's novels did involve some content of the Ming Dynasty, such as The Legend of the Condor Heroes, The Return of the Condor Heroes, and The Eight Dragons. The characters and plots in these novels were sometimes set up to show the history and culture of the Ming Dynasty, but generally speaking, they had little to do with the historical facts of the Ming Dynasty.
Reborn in Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty
Chongzhen of the Reborn Ming Dynasty was a web novel. The author mourned for him. The story was set in the Chongzhen period of the late Ming Dynasty. Both the Ming Dynasty and the outside world were facing various troubles and threats. The protagonist, Lin Chong, accidentally traveled to this era and found that he looked exactly like Chongzhen. From then on, he began his new life in the Ming Dynasty. He used his knowledge and wisdom to fight against enemies inside and outside, trying to change the fate of the Ming Dynasty. The novel was full of exciting plots, showing the protagonist's struggle and growth in adversity.
Why did Jin Yong's works always reverse the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming? What was the origin of this place?
The reason why Jin Yong's works were always anti-Qing and reviving the Ming Dynasty was that this historical background was an important starting point and one of the sources of inspiration for Jin Yong's creative career. Mr. Jin Yong was born in 1896, when China was under the rule of Qing Dynasty. When he was young, he witnessed the corruption and ruling style of the Qing Dynasty and developed a deep disgust for the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, in his works, he often depicted the theme of anti-Qing and reviving the Ming Dynasty to express his dissatisfaction and resistance against the Qing Dynasty. Jin Yong's works were also influenced by traditional Chinese culture. The Qing Dynasty was the last period of China's feudal society. There were many elements related to the Qing Dynasty in traditional culture, such as Confucianism and chivalrous spirit, which were also used in Jin Yong's works. In Jin Yong's works, he often depicted chivalrous spirit and a sense of justice, emphasizing that people should resist injustice and evil, which was similar to the values in traditional Chinese culture. In addition, Jin Yong's works were also influenced by Western culture. During the Qing Dynasty, China's contact with the outside world gradually deepened, and Western culture gradually spread to China. Jin Yong's works were also influenced by Western culture, such as the description of concepts such as love, freedom, and power. The combination of these factors also led to the theme of Jin Yong's works.
How many years did the Ming Dynasty last? Why did it perish? Was Chongzhen a fatuous ruler?
The reason why the Ming Dynasty fell after 276 years was due to a combination of internal corruption, external invasion, natural disasters and other factors. The Ming Dynasty had outstanding performance in politics, economy, culture, military and other aspects, but it was weak in the face of external pressure, leading to the decline of the country. Chongzhen was the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He was a very talented politician, but he had some shortcomings in dealing with domestic problems and dealing with external threats. Facing the severe situation of internal corruption and external invasion, he took a series of measures, such as weakening the power of eunuchs, strengthening the central power, reducing the burden of taxes, recruiting troops, etc. However, these methods were not completely effective, which led to the further deterioration of the country's financial situation and finally led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
Did Jin Yong's novels all follow the dynasty?
Mr. Jin Yong's novels were usually set in history. Some dynasties and relationships between characters developed along history. For example, his " Tianlong Ba Bu " and " The Legend of the Condor Heroes " both involved the political struggles and martial arts disputes between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, while " The Deer and the Cauldron " told the story of the Jianghu at the end of the Ming Dynasty. However, there were also some fictional plots in Jin Yong's novels. For example, the "Huashan Sect" of the Qing Dynasty appeared in "Smiling Proud in Jianghu". Therefore, although the plots in Jin Yong's novels had a certain connection with history, not all novels had a strict dynasty continuity.
Why did Jin Yong's martial arts novels take the Qing Dynasty as the background?
In Jin Yong's martial arts novels, the Qing Dynasty was used as the background mainly because the Qing Dynasty had an important position and far-reaching influence in Chinese history. It was also an important historical background for Jin Yong's martial arts novels. During the Qing Dynasty, China experienced large-scale political, economic, and cultural changes. These changes had an important impact on the story background and character setting of Jin Yong's novels. For example, the palace life of the Qing Dynasty, officialdom politics, martial arts, Jianghu, cultural trends, and other aspects were common topics and elements in Jin Yong's novels. The Qing Dynasty was also a period of prosperity for martial arts culture. All kinds of sects and martial arts schools came one after another, and these sects and martial arts schools were also fully described in the novel. In addition, there were also a large number of historical events and characters in the Qing Dynasty, such as the Opium War, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the 1898 reform, and so on. These events and characters were also important elements in Jin Yong's novels. Therefore, as an important period in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty had a strong sense of history and cultural heritage, which could provide a rich historical background and character setting for Jin Yong's novels. This was also one of the reasons why Jin Yong's martial arts novels used the Qing Dynasty as the background.
Similar to "Ming Dynasty: Chongzhen's Life Simulator"
There were novels similar to " Daming: Chongzhen's Life Simulator " 1. Before Hanging, Chongzhen Flipped the Table. Author: Call Heaven 2." The Rise of Nanyang: Iron Blood and Remnant Ming." Author: Black Coffee, Less Sugar 3." Chasing the Deer: 1644 Who Is in Charge of the Floating and Sinking?" Author: Meng Wuyue 4."Zhu Youlang: I'm Not the King of Subjugation." Author: He Qixi 5." Big Ming: Brother, Monks Have No Future. Let's Rebellion." Author: Black Jiangnan 6: Chongzhen: Hey! Ministers are working too hard! Author: Life Is Like a Dream 7:" I Want to Be an Emperor ", Author: Rainy Day, Rainy Day Qianlong: Qing Dynasty? Where is my Qing Dynasty? Author: Mr. Mumumu 9: Taichang Great Ming, Author: Magic Turtle Revo 10:" There's Still Hope for My Ming Dynasty ", Author: Daoist River Crab 11:" Recreating the Great Ming Dynasty ", Author: Zhen Huang Liang Chasing the Deer in the World at the End of Ming Dynasty, Author: Feng Xiaomu Han Emperor Liu Xie: Dong Zhuo Killed on the Day of Time Travel. Author: Patrick Star Song of Bliss, Author: The Robot Who Loves Dreams 15:" I am the Master of Resurrection." Author: Don't be noisy while moving bricks. [16:" The Prosperous Era of the Kang and Qian Dynasties, I'm Going to Eat It!"] Author: Overbearing President Fatty Anti-Qing Dynasty: Starting from the Reincarnation of the Filthy Earth of the Ming Dynasty. Author: Listening to the Wind Boils the Rainy Night 18:" Crossing Zhu Yuanzhang: Zhu Di, You Come and Be the Crown Prince ", Author: Silver House Eating Candies Prince Chongzhen, Author: Wuyuanhe The following is a detailed introduction of these novels: 1." Before Hanging, Chongzhen Flips the Table ": At the beginning of February of the 17th year of Chongzhen, Zhu Wu's soul became Emperor Chongzhen. He had the power of the Overlord. Just like the Overlord of Chu, he could hold a tripod and had the strength of a thousand pounds. He was naturally close to weapons. However, in the current Great Ming Dynasty, the hearts of the people were scattered and the illness was beyond cure. How could it be salvaged? Since that was the case, Zhu Wu could just flip the table and conquer the world again! 2." The Rise of the Iron-Blooded Remnant Ming in Nanyang ": I've read more than 50 chapters. I feel that it's not bad. Those who like Nanming can read it. More than a million words should be enough to satisfy my craving. I don't dare to praise too much if I don't read it in the later stages. 3." Chasing the Deer: 1644 Who's in Charge of the Floating and Sinking?" This book looked quite interesting. It was a typical story of soldiers fighting for hegemony in troubled times. Come on, come on. 4." Zhu Youlang: I will not be the ruler of a subjugated country ": In front of Zhu Youlang was a Nanming court that was struggling to survive, a murderous Qing Dynasty pursuer, and a group of ministers who were fighting among themselves at the end of their lives. In order not to become the ruler of a subjugated country, Zhu Youlang, who had a god's perspective, recruited generals, punished evil, killed villains, and stabilized the morale of the army. From then on, the Tartar Krupp was expelled step by step and the Ming Dynasty was restored. 5." Big Ming: Brother, Monks Have No Future, Let's Rebellion ": Zhu Han transmigrated to the end of the Yuan Dynasty and discovered that his brother was actually the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang. He opened the game with a bowl and created the destined protagonist of the Ming Dynasty! However, it seemed that he had transmigrated a little too early. Right now, his brother was still at the bowl stage! He also activated the check-in system. The higher his status, the better the things he could sign in! "Brother, monks have no future. Let's rebel!" Zhu Han urged his elder brother. 6: Chongzhen: Hey! Ministers are working too hard! At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the world was in chaos. Inside, there were rebellions such as Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, and outside, there were Eastern Krupps eyeing them covetously. With internal and external troubles, the Ming Dynasty was in danger. The Emperor of Ming, Zhu Youjian, raised his arms and shouted at this critical moment… The old traitor Wen Tiren volunteered to donate silver… "Whoever dares to touch the Emperor's silver, I will kill him." Gao Qiqian said. "Revive the Great Ming Dynasty, and die without regrets!" …… 7." Lao Zi Is Going to Be an Emperor ":" Lao Zi Is Going to Be an Emperor " was a historical novel set in the late Ming Dynasty. The story was set in the troubled times of the seventh year of Chongzhen, and it told the story of a border army that was swept into rebellion. The main character started from managing the accounts of a supply camp. By convincing other small leaders to support a new boss, he gradually became a dog-headed military adviser. After the new boss died of illness, the protagonist naturally became the boss and began to collect food and recruit soldiers in the villages of Crouching Bull Mountain to accumulate strength. The author described the development of the protagonist's power, step by step from small to large, from weak to strong, giving people the feeling of farming. This historical novel was similar to " The Emperor of the Gully ", but the main character's pursuit was not love, but to overthrow the Ming Dynasty and march into the world. However, the shortcomings of this book were also very obvious. The protagonist did not describe the NPC Chongzhen in depth, as well as the characters of the bandits and Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty, making the story lack many exciting parts. Even so, this book was still a work that could be used to pass time. In general, I Want to Be an Emperor was a historical novel that was worth reading. However, it was only rated 3 stars. As a novel, it was still worth reading. Among similar books," From a courier to an emperor " and " Writing in Li Zicheng and the other traitors " were both good choices. They had their own characteristics and were worth a try. Qianlong: Qing Dynasty? Where is my Qing Dynasty? Boss Zhu was hunted down by the Qing Dynasty and was forced to escape from the sea. He traveled to Europe for five years and brought back an army commander, a philosopher, and some engineers. Just like that, Boss Zhu's rebellion business started. To sum it up: Qing Tian No. 1 criminal Zhu Daohua returned to Nanyang. The bandits who wanted to restore the Ming Dynasty were approaching Guangzhou. The rebel king led his troops from the mouth of the Yangtze River and surrounded Nanjing. Zhu Daohua's army had already occupied Xuzhou along the canal. The army of King Ming approached the gate of Tianjin. 9." Taichang Ming Dynasty ": In the 48th year of Wanli, the Ming Dynasty had existed for 252 years. The year 252 was not only the year of the empire, but also the period of time for the systematic annexation of land. Shenzong started with the "toppling of Zhang and Feng", followed by the "three major disputes", and ended with the "demon book" and "stick strike". He single-handedly created the situation of opposition between the two parties in the late Ming Dynasty. He also slacked off for more than 30 years after concentrating his power on himself. Under the stimulation of the divine sect, the almost unchanging bureaucracy and governance system for more than 200 years entered the final stage of complete decay. Class confrontation, conflict between officials and people, Jurchen invasion. Under the internal and external difficulties, the empire finally reached the edge of destruction. On July 21, Zhu Yijun died and Zhu Changluo ascended the throne. The year was named Taichang. On August 10th, Emperor Taichang visited several people in succession, and his face was instantly reduced. The last emperor of the Darming Dynasty who ascended the throne in his prime would ride the dragon in the sky a month later. Zhu Youxiao, a problematic teenager who was less than 15 years old, had not received a formal imperial education, and lacked both paternal and maternal love, was about to inherit the throne, playing the prelude to the demise of the empire. However, on August 11th, the soul of a Qing history researcher with the same name as the Mingguang Sect transmigrated into the body of the emperor who had indulged in sex and kidney deficiency! How would he save the Darming Dynasty from danger? Is it easy to suppress the people and prolong the dynasty? Should he strike at the old nobles and push the process of land annexation back to its original point? Or would he take the difficult path and shatter the entire system to rebuild a new world? The road is hard, there are many forks However, in order for the Chinese civilization to open up its own route during the drastic changes in the world, Zhu Changluo could only take the difficult path. How should he start? Zhu Changluo decided to clean up the internal court first and build a loyal and efficient army. 10:" There's still hope for my Ming Dynasty ": The soul has passed through Zhu Youxiao of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty can still be saved now. 11." Recreating the Great Ming Dynasty ": In August of the 14th year of Zhengtong, Emperor Zhu Qizhen of the Great Ming Dynasty was captured in Tumu Castle. At the beginning of September, Zhu Taiye, the concubine of the king of Lu, seized the throne and led the army to serve the emperor. In October, the leader of Wala also first led Zhu Qizhen to surround the city, let Zhu Qizhen knock on the gate, and ordered the army to attack the nine gates respectively, the capital is in danger. At that time, after Zhu Taiye defeated Tuotuo Buhua in Liaodong, he led his troops here. After a bloody battle, he shocked the world and destroyed the Wala tribe, forcing Yexian to flee north. That night, Zhu Taiye escorted Zhu Qizhen into the city and made him emperor. From then on, Zhu Taiye did not live in the palace, but lived in the military camp. Everything in the world is in your hands. Open the sea, conquer Mobei, rule the world. One day, when Zhu Taiye was taking a nap, his son Zhu Yangjin, who had also transmigrated, and the generals in the army swarmed up and draped a dragon robe over him without any explanation. Zhu Taiye pretended to decline, saying that he would burn the yellow paper to ask for the sky. Zhu Yang Jin took the yellow paper and tore it into pieces. He shouted," The rise and fall of the world is in the hands of my father. What's the use of a piece of yellow paper?!" After entering the city, Zhu Qizhen, who was once again the emperor, was trembling with fear. Sweating profusely, he said," I'll confer you the title of King of Liaodong. How about you lead the entire Liao army?" The Palace of Heavenly Purity was silent. No one spoke. " What do you think?" Zhu Qizhen's face was pale, and his voice trembled." I'll make you the regent. How about you lead the nine sides?" The Palace of Heavenly Purity was deathly silent. After a long time, Zhu Yangjin said,"I, dog leg I!" Someone, punch him three times for me. …… Emperor Zhengtong accidentally got a stroke and died in Qianqing Palace. He ordered Zhu Taiye, King of Lu, to succeed him. If the kings of the world do not want to, they will go to the capital to discuss. Chasing the Deer in the World at the End of Ming Dynasty: Chongzhen Second Year. The Su River passed through the Ming Dynasty and became a tenant in Shaanxi Province. Instigate people's hearts, rise up, Ming lost his deer, the world together to chase him. Kill the gentry and lend the land. Bond and education. Prosperity industry, training strong soldiers. Overthrow the Ming Dynasty and exterminate the Tartar Krupp. Standing in front of the ruins of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an City of Han Dynasty, Liu Xie, a prospective college student, couldn't help but think: If he were to return to the day when Dong Zhuo was killed, what could he do to resolve the situation of the Han Dynasty losing its rule and the local areas breaking away from it, and restore the glory of the Han Dynasty? Would he be able to turn the tide and lift the building from the brink of collapse? Just as he was deep in thought, a thunder sounded in his ear. In the blink of an eye, the world changed. 14:" Great Song of Bliss ": After transmigrating into Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong, the style of the Great Song changed! The scholar-bureaucrats of Great Song appear benevolent on the surface, but they are becoming more and more bloodthirsty behind their backs. If we don't fight, who will we sell our weapons and gunpowder to? My order for the first-level battleships will be gone! The old farmers of Great Song are also thinking about war, after all, the horse farms in Northern Plains and the fiefs overseas were all exchanged for military merits. The merchants of our Great Song are even more rampant. They directly develop private armed forces overseas. There are even some who call themselves "Indian Jiedushi","Persian Jiedushi","Roman Jiedushi"… I, Zhao Zhen, am the only one who is cautious. I'm afraid that before I can enjoy myself, the people of Tokyo will ask for a " three-level meeting." 15." I am the Lord of Resurrection ": Before he ascended the throne, Zhu Youjian fell into the water and lost his memory. But it didn't matter. I'm born with talent, and it'll come back when it's gone! How could a mere amnesia stop Zhu Youjian from reviving the Ming Dynasty? I'm definitely the ruler of rejuvenation! [The main character is Zhu Youjian who lost his memory after transmigrating. Overall, he has a modern way of thinking.] 16:" The Prosperous Era of the Kang and Qian Dynasties, I'm Going to Eat It!" Thirty years after the death of the Ming Dynasty, the sea country had a single field. Raising ducks, getting up at night, regaining the dignity of the Han Dynasty. 17." Anti-Qing: From the Reincarnation of the Ming Dynasty's Filthy Earth ": 1776 in the Western Calendar, 41st year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty. That year, the United States issued the declaration of independence, Watt invented the steam engine, and Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations. This year, the Manchu Dynasty pacified the big and small Jinchuan, and Qianlong was very satisfied. He began to prepare for the Daxing Literature Inquisition and the revision of the Siku Quanshu. This year, a transmigrator looked up to the north and swore to the world. "Erebardi, I, Big Ming, am back!" 18:" Crossing Zhu Yuanzhang: Zhu Di, You Come and Be the Crown Prince ": In the spring of 1392, Crown Prince Zhu Biao died of illness. The Ming Dynasty was filled with grief. The great cultivator who failed to transcend the tribulation transmigrated and became Zhu Yuanzhang. He only wanted to pass on the fate of the country and walk the path of cultivation again. "Erhu, summon the King of Yan to the capital!" Inside the Hall of Heavenly Tribute. "Fourth brother, you will be the crown prince!" "Ah?" Zhu Di, who was preparing to accumulate his strength, asked. And then… The Ming Dynasty without the Battle of Jingnan! Four generations of Great Ming! The prosperous Ming Dynasty with five dragons! …… Prince Chongzhen: Prince Chongzhen is a novel with a novel set. Although some of the settings are not rigorous enough, it is still worth reading. The plot of this book was lively and interesting, and the characters were lifelike. Especially the description of the supporting characters, people couldn't help but like them. The writing style was exquisite, the psychological description was many, the character image was three-dimensional and distinct, and the emotions were handled properly. After reading this book, it left a lingering aftertaste. I recommend it to everyone. It had been a long time since he had read such a good novel. This book had two very attractive characteristics. One was that the plot was interesting and unexpected, and the other was that it was explosive and cool. The invisible pretentiousness was the most fatal. In general, Prince Chongzhen was a good book that made people unable to stop reading. You can read these novels on Qidian Chinese Network.
Why are Jin Yong's novels all anti-Qing and reviving Ming?
Not all of Jin Yong's novels were about the anti-Qing dynasty and the restoration of the Ming dynasty. Although there were some stories and characters about the Ming and Qing dynasties in his works, the theme and plot were not all centered around the anti-Qing dynasty and the restoration of the Ming dynasty. Mr. Jin Yong's novel creation began in 1936 until he stopped writing in 1984. His works covered people from many periods and different cultural backgrounds. Although there were some stories and characters about the Ming and Qing Dynasties in his works, the main purpose of his creation was to describe the grudges of the Jianghu, the spirit of chivalry, and the legends of love. The Ming and Qing Dynasties had an important position and influence in Chinese history, so Mr. Jin Yong's novels also involved the understanding and discussion of these historical backgrounds. For example, some of the characters and plots in his novels exist to express the complexity and variety of Chinese history and culture. Although some of Jin Yong's novels involved the theme of anti-Qing and reviving the Ming Dynasty, the main purpose of his creation was to express the chivalrous spirit and love legends, not to oppose the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Why are most of Jin Yong's novels set in the Song and Ming Dynasties?
Mr. Jin Yong's novels were mostly set in the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty because these two periods were one of the most famous periods in Chinese history. There were rich cultural, historical and literary resources, which also provided a broad background and inspiration for Mr. Jin Yong's creation. The Song Dynasty was one of the peak periods of China's feudal society and one of the periods of cultural prosperity in Chinese history. In the Song Dynasty, the economy was highly developed, and the people's living standards were high. The culture and arts were also very prosperous, such as novels, operas, and other literary works. At the same time, the political system of the Song Dynasty was also one of the most democratic and free systems in Chinese history. The novel also reflected some of the characteristics of the political system of the Song Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was another important period in China's history. It was the beginning of the budding period of Chinese capitalist society and one of the peak periods of Chinese culture, art and literature. The Ming Dynasty was rich in novels, operas, and other literary works. For example, classic novels such as Water Margins and Dream of the Red Chamber were created during the Ming Dynasty. During the Song and Ming Dynasties, the era that Mr. Jin Yong lived in was also one of the most prosperous periods in Chinese history. These historical backgrounds also provided Mr. Jin Yong's novels with rich plots and materials, allowing him to better display the social, cultural, and historical characteristics of the Song and Ming Dynasties.