(18 points) Read the following materials and answer the questions. Voltaire once said,"The European royal families and merchants discovered the East, only knowing how to seek wealth, and the wise and wise."

(18 points) Read the following materials and answer the questions. Material 1: Voltaire said,"European royalty and merchants discovered the East and only knew how to seek wealth, while philosophers discovered a new spiritual and material world there." He praised Confucius for "only appealing to morality, not promoting gods and monsters" and "doing what you don't want." Do not do unto others, etc., was the purest morality that surpassed Christian doctrine. Material 2 of Voltaire's "On Etiquette and Vulture": The views of Russell and others on China were quite different from Voltaire's. He believed that China was a country with an autocratic monarch. If there was a small mistake in the treatment of the emperor, it could be sentenced to death or even extermination, resulting in many unjust imprisonment. He believed that Chinese customs also had its shortcomings. The ruler ruled the people, using both glory and punishment. If the people did something wrong, they would immediately be whipped. How could such people have a sense of glory? Quoted from Zhu Qianzhi's "The Impact of Chinese Thought on European Culture". Material 3: Enlightenment philosophers, especially French philosophers, found a weapon to criticize reality in the image of China. When they overthrew the altar, they praised China's moral philosophy and religious tolerance; when they criticized European tyranny, they used the model of Chinese moral politics and enlightened autocracy provided by the missionaries; when they were disappointed with the monarchical politics, they developed the value of China's image in economic thought, and China became a model of physiocracy political economy... It was worth noting that the outcome of each debate seemed to be unfavorable to the Western image of China. The religious dispute finally proved that the Chinese were not atheists, but more primitive polytheists. The political dispute proved that China was not an enlightened autocracy, but a typical example of the Eastern despotism that relied on sticks to rule. The economic dispute finally proved that China was not rich, but poor. It was not that society relied on agriculture to develop, but that society stagnated in agriculture. Zhou Ning's "Western Study of the History of China's Image: Problems and Domains" Material 4: In China from the 16th to the 17th century, the new economic form was still very weak and fragile. The early enlightenment ideologists of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were congenitally deficient and had a flaw of the times... Montesquieu and Russell came up with the blueprint of a capitalist country such as the separation of powers, the constitution of the monarch, and the democratic Republic. This showed that the Chinese thought of progress in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the European enlightenment in the 18th century belonged to two different historical categories. The former was a product of the end of the Middle Ages, while the latter was a declaration of modern society. Excerpt from Zhang Dainian and Fang Keli's "Introduction to Chinese Culture"(1). According to the first and second materials and combined with the knowledge learned, analyze the reasons for the disagreement between Voltaire and Russell's views on Chinese Confucian culture. (8 points)(2) According to material 3 and combined with the knowledge learned, briefly analyze the reasons why the results of each debate are unfavorable to the "Western image of China". (4 points)(3) Based on the fourth material and the knowledge learned, analyze why the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties 'thoughts of progress were only the product of the late medieval period, while the European enlightenment thoughts became the declaration of modern society. (6 points)

Answer 1

Scholars in reverse order."

This sentence in Material 1 showed Voltaire's criticism of the European royal family and merchants who only paid attention to wealth and not philosophy in the process of exploring the East. Therefore, the answer was as follows:

Voltaire believed that the royal family and merchants only pursued wealth and did not care about philosophy; Voltaire believed that philosophy was ranked before the pursuit of wealth.