What are the mining processes of open-pit mines?
The open-pit mining process mainly included the following aspects: 1. ** Piercing work **: This was the primary process of open-pit mining. - ** Piercing Equipment **: - ** Down-the-hole drilling machine **: The drilling angle has a wide range of variation. It is highly mechanized, reduces the auxiliary operation time, has a high operation rate, is flexible, has light equipment weight, and has low investment costs. It can control the ore grade by drilling inclined holes, eliminate the root, reduce large pieces, and improve the blasting quality. It is suitable for drilling medium-hard ores and rocks. It is widely used in small and medium-sized mines at home and abroad. - ** Rotary drill **: A new type of modern drilling equipment developed on the basis of a rotating drill. It has high drilling efficiency, low operating costs, and a high degree of mechanized and automated. It is suitable for drilling operations of various hardness of ores and rocks. It is a widely used drilling equipment in open-pit mines around the world. - ** Rock drilling jumbo **: It was a new type of drilling equipment. One or more rock drills and automatic propellers were installed on a special drilling arm or bench. There was a walking mechanism to realize the mechanized operation of the rock drills. - ** Piercing cost **: In the entire open-pit mining process, the cost of piercing accounts for about 10% - 15% of the total production cost. 2. Explosive work: The purpose is to break the hard solid ore and provide suitable excavated materials for mining and loading. - ** Explosion Method **: - ** Shallow hole blasting **: The diameter of the blast hole is generally about 30 - 75mm, and the depth of the blast hole is generally less than 5m, sometimes up to 8m (the depth of the hole can be increased by drilling the drilling trolley). It is mainly used for the production of small-scale open-pit mines or quarries, cave rocks, tunnel excavation, secondary blasting, new open-pit mine package processing, the formation of hillside open-air single-wall ditch transportation channels, and other special blasting. - ** Deep-hole blasting **: a blasting method that uses drilling equipment to drill deeper holes as the charging space for mining explosives. Deep-hole blasting in open-pit mines is mainly based on the production blasting of steps. The drilling equipment mainly uses DTH drills and cone drills. It can drill vertical deep holes or inclined holes. The inclined holes are more evenly charged and the ore rock blasting quality is better. In order to reduce the earthquake effect and improve the blasting quality, measures such as large-area micro-delay blasting, interval charging in the hole or air interval charging at the bottom can be taken. - ** Chamber blasting **: A method of blasting by loading more or a large amount of explosives in the blasting chamber tunnel. Open pit mines are only used during the basic construction period and under specific conditions. Quarry mines are used when conditions are available and mining demand is high. - ** Multi-row-hole short-delay blasting method **: With the rapid increase in excavator bucket capacity and open-pit mine production capacity, open-pit mining is widely used at home and abroad, and the amount of blasting per time is large. - ** Multi-row-hole-delay squeezing blasting method **: refers to the multi-row-hole-delay blasting when there is a pile of debris left on the working face. The existence of the pile of debris creates conditions for squeezing, which can prolong the effective time of blasting, improve the utilization and crushing effect of explosives, control the width of the pile of debris, and prevent the ore and rock from scattering. The interval time of the micro-delay blasting is 30% - 50% longer than that of ordinary micro-delay blasting (50 - 100ms is commonly used in open-pit mines in China). Its advantages are better rock crushing effect and more concentrated explosion pile. Its disadvantages are higher explosive consumption, wider working platform requirements, and higher explosion pile height, which may affect the safety of excavator operation. - ** Explosion cost **: In the total cost of open-pit mining, the blasting cost accounts for about 15% - 20%. The quality of the blasting directly affects the efficiency of mining, transportation, rough crushing and other equipment, as well as the total cost of the mine. 3. ** Mining and loading work **: The mining and loading process of the hydraulic excavator was to prepare the working face, place the excavator in place, place the vehicle, load the vehicle, and load the vehicle out (the bulldozer assisted in the maintenance of the working face). In actual dispatching, it involved the cooperation between the mine car and the excavator, and there were many common dispatching methods. 4. ** Transportation work **: It is the follow-up process of the mining and loading operation. The basic task is to transport the ores that have been loaded into the transportation equipment to the crushing station or the heap soaking field, and the waste rocks to the waste rock field. The available transportation methods include dump truck transportation, railway transportation, belt transporter transportation, slope skip lifting transportation, and combined transportation formed by various methods (such as dump truck-railway combined transportation, dump truck-belt transporter combined transportation, dump truck (or railway locomotive)-slope skip combined transportation). At present, railway transportation is rarely used. 5. ** Rock discharge (soil discharge)**: When open-pit mining is used, the topsoil or rock covering the upper part of the deposit must be stripped to expose the ore. Therefore, soil discharge is an essential production link in open-pit mining. To collect and transport the stripped topsoil or rocks to a designated place and dump them in a certain way and according to the requirements (the place where the discarded rock and soil are stored is the dump), reasonably select the location of the dump, improve the dumping process and improve the efficiency of the dumping work, which not only affects the technical and economic effects of transportation and dumping, but also involves the occupation of farmland and environmental protection. Sometimes, the waste soil of the temporary dump can be mixed with high-grade ores for neutralizing to improve the economic benefits. If you want to know more about the follow-up, click on the link and read it!
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