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Liu Chan of the Three Kingdoms

2026-01-14 20:06
2026-01-14 20:12

Liu Chan (AD 207-AD 271), the word Gongsi, small name Dou, Zhuo County Zhuo County (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province) people. He was the son of Liu Bei, the last emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. He reigned from 223 to 263, a total of 40 years. Liu Chan was born in Xinye, a chaotic place. He had been in danger many times and was saved by Zhao Yun. Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in the first year of Zhangwu (AD 220), and Liu Chan was made crown prince. Three years later, Liu Bei died, and Liu Chan inherited the throne in Chengdu, leaving Zhuge Liang and Li Yan to assist in government affairs. In the early years of his reign, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, opened the government and decided all the political affairs of Shu. At that time, the State of Shu was troubled by internal and external threats. Zhuge Liang sent envoys to make peace with Sun Wu, put down the rebellion in Nanzhong, and closed his doors to raise the people in preparation for the Northern Expedition. From the sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD) to the twelfth year of Jianxing (234 AD), Zhuge Liang attacked Cao Wei five times. Liu Chan gave him firm support. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan appointed Jiang Wan to preside over the state affairs, recuperate internally, and no longer insisted on the Northern Expedition externally. He also promoted Dong Yun and Fei Yi to assist the government. Later, the three of them died one after another. Liu Chan favored the eunuch Huang Hao, causing the government to be abandoned. Jiang Wei led the army outside many times to the Northern Expedition, with little effect. In the sixth year of Jingyao (263 AD), Cao Wei's army attacked Shu in three directions. In October of the same year, Deng Ai's army arrived in Chengdu. Liu Chan surrendered and Shu Han was destroyed. After Liu Chan went to Luoyang, he was granted the title of Duke of Anle. He died in the seventh year of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty (AD 271) at the age of 65. His posthumous title was Duke Si. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan of the Han Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor and posthumously named Liu Chan Emperor Xiaohuai. At that time, people had different opinions about Liu Chan. Zhuge Liang and Zhang Wen praised him. Meng Da and Wang Chong of Shu Han, Xue Wei and Lu Kai of Sun Wu, and Sima Zhao of Cao Wei thought that Liu Chan was mediocre and lacked talent and virtue, which led to the subjugation of the country. Jin Dynasty historian Chen Shou and minister Li Mi believed that Liu Chan was confused by eunuch Huang Hao and misled the country. Jin Dynasty historians such as Chang Qu, Zhang Fan and Sun Sheng believed that although Liu Chan was mediocre and weak, he was loyal and honest by nature and did not have a virtuous heart. In addition, after Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu Han courtiers had requested to build a temple for him, but the Shu Han court rejected it on the grounds of violating the etiquette system. This did not deny Zhuge Liang's achievements. Liu Chan had always respected Zhuge Liang and often remembered his achievements. He also used Zhuge Liang's strategy of governing the country as the basis for his administration.

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