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How is the Earth measured?

2026-07-10 03:38
2026-07-10 04:40

The measurement of the Earth includes many aspects. The following are the methods to measure the size (circumference) and mass of the Earth: ** 1. Measuring the Earth's size (circumference)** 1. ** Eratosthenia's method of measuring the circumference of the earth ** - Eratosthenius combined astronomy with geomancy. He chose Sienna (present-day Aswan) and Alexandria on the same meridian to observe and compare the position of the sun on the summer solstice. - There was a deep well on an island in the heart of the Nile River near Sienna. The sun could shine directly at the bottom of the well on the summer solstice, indicating that the sun was at the zenith on the summer solstice. At the same time, he chose a very tall obelisk in Alexandria as a reference and measured the length of the shadow of the tower on the summer solstice. From this, he measured the angle between the upright obelisk and the rays of the sun. The obtained angle was 7°12 ', which was equivalent to 1/50 of the circular angle of 360°. - Then, with the help of the surveying data of the royal surveyors, the distance between the two cities was 5000 Greek miles. Since the arc length corresponding to this angle (the distance between the two cities) was equivalent to 1/50 of the Earth's circumference, the Earth's circumference could be calculated accordingly. 2. ** Modern measurement methods ** - In modern times, satellite technology could be used to accurately measure the Earth's circumference and other data. The satellite could accurately determine the shape and size of the Earth through high-precision surveying and measurement of the Earth's surface. ** 2. The measurement of the Earth's mass ** 1. ** Try it early ** - Newton once speculated that a plumb line hanging near a mountain would be slightly inclined to the mountain due to the influence of the mountain's mass and the Earth's gravity. If the deviation was accurately measured and the mountain's mass was calculated, the gravitational constant and the Earth's mass could be calculated. However, this experiment was unsuccessful in Chimboraso Mountain, peru. - Later, in the summer of 1774, Neville Maskelyne, the Royal Astronomist of the United Kingdom, made hundreds of measurements of the Schehalin Mountains in a distant canyon in Wales. The mathematician Charles Hutton calculated the Earth's mass to be 5000 trillion tons based on the measurement results, but the result was insufficient because he did not know the true density of the mountain. 2. ** Cavendish's measurement method ** - In 1798, the British physicist Cavendish designed a unique experimental device to measure the mass of the Earth. He tied a thin line to the middle end of a light wooden stick, tied small lead balls to both ends of the wooden stick, and placed two larger metal balls next to the two small balls. The gravity between the two metal balls and the two small balls caused the spiral to twist slightly. - He fixed a small path on the thin thread to reflect a beam of light onto a scale. According to the obvious movement of the light spot on the scale finger when the thin thread rotated slightly and the length of the twisted arm, he calculated the magnitude of gravity. Then, according to the mutual attraction between the two pairs of spheres, the distance between the two centers, the mass of each sphere, and the difference between the gravity of the same sphere on the surface and the suction of the two pairs of spheres, he finally calculated the mass of the Earth to be 6.0× 102 kg. The result was about 0.6% different from modern calculations.

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