Effects of sewage on environmental organisms
* * Title: Effects of sewage on environmental organisms ** * * abstract: ** This article aims to explore the various effects of sewage on environmental organisms. There were a wide range of sources of sewage, including industrial waste water, domestic sewage, and agricultural water. There were a wide variety of impurities in the sewage, and the discharge of these sewage had a wide and profound impact on environmental organisms, from microscopic microorganisms to microscopic animals and plants. ##I. Pollutants in sewage and their sources Pollutants in sewage can be roughly divided into four categories: non-toxic, toxic, organic, and toxic. There were three main sources: 1. * * Industrial waste water **: A large amount of waste water will be produced in the industrial production process. The waste water produced by different types of industries has a large difference. For example, the chemical industry may produce waste water containing heavy metals (such as mercury, mercury, lead, etc.). These heavy metal impurities are non-biodegrading and will accumulate in the environment and organisms for a long time. The electronics industry may produce waste water containing highly toxic substances such as cyanides. Even a small amount of it can have a fatal effect on living things. 2. * * Household sewage **: Mainly from daily activities such as washing and flushing. It contained a large amount of organic matter, such as protein, biochemistry, oil, etc. These organic matter would consume a large amount of dissolved oxygen during the decomposition process, causing the water body to lack oxygen. In addition, domestic sewage may also contain pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which pose a threat to the health of living things. 3. * * Agricultural water withdrawal **: The irrigation water used in agricultural production will carry a large amount of pollution back to the water body after use. This included pesticide and fertilizer residue, such as excessive nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients. The excessive discharge of these nutrients would lead to eutrophy of the water body, causing a series of ecological problems such as algae blooms. ##2. The impact of sewage on microorganisms 1. * * Biofilm Formation ** - The process of forming a biological film on the surface of the carrier was affected by many factors. In a sewage environment, the surface properties of the carrier were crucial. If the sewage contained some special substances, it might change the surface of the carrier's buoyancy, charge, chemical composition, or toughness, which would affect the attachment of microorganisms on the surface and the formation of a membrane. For example, some acidic or basic substances in sewage may change the chemical properties of the carrier surface, which is not conducive to the attachment of microorganisms. - In terms of the nature of microorganisms, there were various types of microorganisms in sewage. Different types of microorganisms have different tolerance to the contamination in the sewage. The activity and concentration of those microorganisms sensitive to the contamination may be inhibited in the sewage environment, thus affecting the formation of biofilms. For example, when the temperature was not suitable or the sewage contained substances that inhibited its growth, the growth of the nitration bacteria slowed down, affecting the function of the biological membrane related to nitration. - In terms of environmental factors, the ph value, ion strength, hydraulic shear force, temperature, and so on of the sewage had an impact. The deviation of the sewage's pH-value from the suitable range of microorganisms (such as the water quality being too acidic or too basic) will affect the growth of microorganisms and hinder the formation of biofilms. If the water flow generated too much hydraulic force, it would wash away the forming biofilms. Water temperature was also a key factor. When the temperature of the sewage exceeded the suitable temperature range for microorganisms (such as the range of 10 - 35 ° C for the microorganisms), the metabolism of the microorganisms was inhibited and the formation of biofilms was hindered. 2. * * Microorganism metabolism ** - The organic compounds in the sewage could provide nutrients for the microorganisms, but if the concentration of organic matter was too high, a large amount of dissolved oxygen would be consumed during the decomposition process, resulting in an anoxic-deficient environment. This was extremely detrimental to the microorganisms, as it would suppress their metabolism and even lead to death. For example, in some water bodies with serious organic pollution, the number of airborne microorganisms would be significantly reduced. - Toxic substances in sewage, such as heavy metals and organic poisons, would interfere with the normal metabolism of microorganisms. Heavy metal ions may combine with the biological active substances in the body of microorganisms, such as protein and zymes, causing them to lose their activity, thereby affecting the metabolism, growth, and reproduction of microorganisms. ##3. The impact of sewage on aquatic plants 1. * * Growth and development ** - Water eutrophy was one of the common consequences of sewage discharge. The excessive amount of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus caused algae and other aquatic plants to grow crazily. In the short term, the explosive growth of algae might cover the water body, reduce the light received by underwater plants, and affect their photosynthesis. In the long run, the decomposition of dead algae would consume a large amount of oxygen, causing the water body to lack oxygen, causing the roots of aquatic plants to lack oxygen, affecting their absorption of nutrients and normal growth. - The heavy metal contamination in the sewage would accumulate in the aquatic plants. These heavy metals would interfere with the physiological processes in the plant cells, such as the inhibition of the activity of the hormones. For example, mercury ions would affect the activity of the photosynthesizing zymes in aquatic plants, thereby reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis and hindering the growth and development of plants. 2. * * In terms of reproduction ** - Harmful substances in sewage may affect the reproductive ability of aquatic plants. Some organic compounds may interfere with the reproductive hormone balance of aquatic plants, resulting in a decrease in their reproductive ability. For example, some pesticide residue may affect the pollen development and fertilisation process of aquatic plants, reducing the yield and quality of seeds. ##IV. Effects of sewage on aquatic animals 1. * * Physiology ** - Heavy metals and organic toxic substances in sewage would accumulate in aquatic animals. These substances could damage the organ functions of aquatic animals. For example, the accumulation of mercury in fish would damage their nervous system and affect their behavior and athletic ability. Cadmum would affect the kidney function of fish and interfere with their secretion and regulation of substances in the body. - The decomposition of organic impurities in the sewage consumed a large amount of dissolved oxygen, causing the water body to lack oxygen. Aquatic animals such as fish and shrimps need enough dissolved oxygen to maintain their breathing. The lack of oxygen in the water would make it difficult for them to breathe, slow their growth, and even suffocate to death. 2. * * In terms of food chain transmission ** - When aquatic animals ingest contaminated food (such as contaminated algae or other small aquatic organisms), the contamination will be transmitted and accumulated in the food chain. In aquatic animals of higher nutritional levels, the concentration of the contamination may reach a higher level. For example, large fish at the top of the food chain may accumulate a large amount of impurities from the lower food chain, which not only poses a threat to the health of the species itself, but may also affect other creatures that feed on it, including humans. ##V. Impact of sewage on terrestrial organisms 1. * * Soil Pollution Effects on Plants ** - The harmful substances in the sewage would change the chemical properties of the soil after entering the soil through surface run-off and underground infiltration. For example, a change in the acid and base may reduce the effectiveness of nutrients in the soil and affect the absorption of nutrients by plants. At the same time, the heavy metal pollution in the soil would inhibit the growth and development of plant roots and reduce the resistance of plants. - Soil pollution could also affect the structure of soil microorganisms, which in turn indirectly affected plant growth. A healthy soil microflora could help plants decompose organic matter, fix nitrogen, and so on. After soil pollution destroyed the microflora, these growth auxiliary functions of plants were affected. 2. * * The impact of food chain transmission on animals ** - When plants contaminated with sewage are eaten by terrestrial animals, the contamination will be transmitted along the food chain. For example, when herbivores ingested contaminated plants, they would accumulate the contamination in their bodies. Then, carnivores would prey on herbivores, and the contamination would accumulate further in the bodies of animals of higher nutritional levels. The transmission and accumulation of this kind of contamination in the food chain would cause long-term potential harm to the health of terrestrial animals, such as reproductive problems and decreased immunity. In summary, sewage had a comprehensive and multi-layered impact on environmental organisms. From the metabolism of microorganisms and the formation of biofilms, to the growth, reproduction, physiological functions, and food chain transmission of animals and plants, there were negative effects that could not be ignored. Therefore, the effective treatment and reasonable discharge of sewage is crucial to the protection of the ecological environment and the biological variety. Read more exciting novels for free
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