The horseman of Pestilence (October-December, 1896).

International]

* [Spanish-Japanese War]

On October 2, the Spanish-Japanese war begins with the Larga-Marcha (Long March, in English) with the Spanish navy avoiding Suez (under threat of the Fashoda war) to head towards the Philippines.

Unfortunately this does not end very well for the Carlist navy, sent simply to save the face of the Kingdom of Spain regarding the declaration of war by the Asian power (Japan).

By the night of October 30, the Imperial Japanese Navy had already been embarking on various skirmishes in the northern Philippines, attacking some Spanish ships and trying to contact some Filipino rebels (with mixed results).

When the fleets finally meet at the Battle of Luzon, it ends the next day, October 31 in the morning with the destruction of the bulk of the Spanish fleet.

The Spanish forces are forced to retreat towards the south of the archipelago of islands, more specifically between Mindoro and the eastern Visayas and other southern territories before the Japanese can continue advancing on the Spanish ports in the following months.

This news is quite popular at the international level, with the defeat of the Spanish forces at the hands of eastern "barbarian" forces, there are many negative reactions (especially at a time when concepts such as the Yellow Peril predominated).

*******

*[USA]

November 3, the US elections begin, between the Democratic candidate Adlai E. Stevenson I (vice-presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan) and the Republican candidate William McKinley (vice-presidential candidate, Garret Augustus Hobert).

Stevenson was the interim president after the surprise death of President Grover Cleveland, during his term Stevenson moved away from many of Cleveland's conservatisms, started the reform of the free silver and received the support of populists, Republican-Democratic silverites and the producers. agriculture of the United States.

The conflict between the gold standard, supported by Republicans, industrialists, and the more industrial states, and free silver, supported by Democrats, silverites, and farmers, is the main focus.

The rhetoric of vice presidential candidate William J. Bryan sets an important precedent for the victories of the Democrats, highlighting that the simple gold standard is "anti-American," an example of early modern propaganda in the United States.

Finally with the support of the Democratic Party, Silverite Republicans and the agrarian populists of the United States, Adlai E. Stevenson I wins his first presidential term as an elect and not as an interim.

This marks certain political restructurings between Democrats and Republicans, which were not very noticeable in the beginning.

*******

* [Fashoda War]

While the Second Empire is undoubtedly having problems in sea warfare (especially off the African coasts but also to a lesser extent in the South China Sea with Hainan and in the Americas, around British Guyana), land warfare is generally neutral or positive for them.

There is only one exception, the French Congo was in trouble, it was the most disconnected peripheral area of the Saharan colonies of the Second French Empire, and it was a fairly easy target.

But the French took advantage and moved many of their assets to the Swedish-Norwegian Kongo, where the British could do nothing.

There the French immediately began to extract more resources for the war and send them to the war effort of other French colonies while the coasts of the French Congo suffered. It was a sacrifice that the French were willing to make while the British massacred some villages of Africans.

The treaties regarding the partition of Africa did not prohibit this, in fact no one thought that this situation would occur in the first place.

* Biochemical warfare.

It was obvious that the Boulangist regime was looking for any opportunity to gain an advantage in the war, no matter how many atrocities or personnel had to be sacrificed at this point.

That is why the popularity of the Parisian Poles and their ultra-nationalist allies soared, the couple of Pierre Curie and Marie Curie (née Maria Skłodowska) began to offer the supposed evolution of the war.

The use of chemical weapons. Boulanger was quick to accept, and with French industrial development, the Curies didn't need much time for such action.

Between November 27 and 30, General Marchand's Suez campaign unleashed gas attacks on British forces, taking the British Army by surprise.

It was what we now consider to be a brutal war crime, painful for those who suffered it, and those who lived after receiving the gas attack suffered from internal injuries, infections and other ills.

Most states were very busy or did not care much about that action, they were busy with foreign or domestic policy.

But the defeat in Suez caused a disastrous situation in the public order of the United Kingdom, that brutality and the simple loss of Suez crossed every newspaper of the United Kingdom.

With the victory in Suez, the British troops are expelled from Egypt (some manage to escape towards Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean or other islands under the British Empire to plan a counterattack, others end up sunk by French artillery attacks in the Red Sea (now that France dominates Eritrea).

The French manage to convince various Egyptians to unite under a supposed joint administration of Sudan, joining many African natives to the regular French army to continue the fight against the British Empire.

Captain Charles Mangin continues to rise in the French hierarchy to lead more troops against the British.

The Ottoman Empire does not comment for obvious reasons.

*******

November 30, the St. Augustine Monster is found off the coast of Florida, we talk about the carcass of a dead animal of unknown species or origin (it is proposed that it was a giant octopus).

On December 1, the great stone pillar of Ashoka at Lumbini is found, traditionally the spot of the birthplace of Gautama Buddha according to supposed records.

The discoverers are the German archaeologist Alois Anton Führer, the Nepalese general Khadga Samsher Rana and the other members of the Führer expedition.

December 10, the New York Accord opens.

December 14, the Glasglow Underground Tube, Scotland opens. The third oldest underground metro in Europe and the world in general.

December 25, the American John Philip Sousa composes The Stars and Stripes Forever.

December 30, as the Spanish-Japanese war continues in the Philippines, the scholar and poet José Rizal escapes Spanish capture attempts to join the Japanese effort against Spain.

Rizal will die in combat before the end of the war, and although his joining the Japanese was considered to be a long-term mistake (causing the support of various Filipino groups to the Japanese), it was before the end of the Spanish war- Japanese, when Japanese

and Filipinos had a common enemy.

*******

[Fashoda War: Russia]

The Russian Colonial Empire was of vital importance on many trade routes, for example if we focus on East Africa, Sagallo was the main port of departure for Ethiopian products to the New Silk Road.

The problem of the Russian colonial empire was its neighbors, in the beginning the main problems were the German Empire rejecting Jews in its colonies but that had helped Russia to receive new citizens for its colonies.

The Fashoda war was positive for sales, but it also had its downsides being a problem for the colonies. For example Kamerun was surrounded by countries at war, to make this even more difficult, both colonial territories were war zones (British Nigeria and French Congo).

A situation similar to the German Togoland.

The subject was East Africa, Sagallo and to a much lesser extent Somaliland and Kenya were directly in the firing line of the Red Sea, with the French colonizing Eritrea and attacking Egypt, and with British Yemen and the British Royal Navy.

That was a huge powder keg waiting for a spark, we can even say that there were some personalities who might wish that said spark would set off the powder keg.

France did not pose a danger, but sometimes British ships wanted to stop commercial Russian ships or Russia's naval defense approaching Socotra or Yemen (they just considered them too ... threatening, to use a word).

The situation was uncomfortable, but a war was not going to be declared.

Speaking of Russian Africa, Ethiopia began to trade much more with France (it was not a comparable trade to the Russian-Ethiopian trade, but the Franco-Ethiopian trade increased counting that before it was 0 or almost 0).

The war was useful, because many Ethiopians from the north could sell their products or even "sell themselves" (serve as mercenaries for the French army) to France.

Ethiopia was officially a partner capable of trading with whomever it wanted, but for simple comfort, cultural similarities and political ties, its main trading partner and on which Ethiopia was most dependent, was Russia.

But Tsar Alexander III advised Menelik II to stay out of the conflict, and today the Ethiopian emperor accepted and kept that word, maintaining splendid neutrality.

The problem is that government actions could not stop all Ethiopian private personalities wanting to trade with France, or illegal trade, or the migration of volunteers to French troops.

In short, Ethiopia stayed in line but some parts of the north collaborated with France.

Official trade between France and Ethiopia during Fashoda was brief and declining rapidly, but illegal trade was on the rise.

*******

[Foreword]

"Now grab your young wife, go and join to the dance floor, and do a little twirl.

Because you're going to have your turn at the banquet.

The drink is going to keep flowing.

Please let's go dancing.

Now come and be happy. We are going to dance". The singer sings during one of the festivals in Ḳosṭanṭīnīye, accompanied by other musicians playing the instruments.

It was an Ottoman festival, there was no alcohol (publicly) but there was a lot of food and some non-alcoholic drinks, the administrators were wasting or stealing what little money there was, taking it to accounts abroad or spending it on events.

Public service was practically a cult of waiting for death at the hands of the enemies of the Ottoman Empire, the end was near.

It was precisely this pessimism that made many administrative and logistical tasks difficult in the Ottoman Empire, the Russians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Kurds had mobilized their armies.

Given this, nationalist groups such as the CUP (committee for union and progress) went out to arm themselves, angry at the enemies who wanted to invade them (true, but there was still no declaration of war).

The collective anger of the Turkish-Ottoman nationalists ended with the burning of 34 Ottoman citizens alive on November 26. This crime was committed because said citizens were of Armenian and Kurdish origin, immediately this unleashed violence in various cities to the east-west and north-south of the Ottoman Empire.

Under the agreements of the previous Russo-Turkish war of 76, the Russian Empire declared war on the Ottoman Empire for said crime. Immediately followed by his allies in the conflict (Bulgaria, Bosnia, Greece, Kurdistan, Montenegro and Romania), and the uprising of armed groups of Kurds (not independent Kurdistan), Macedonians, Armenians and Arabs, among some others.

*******

[Russo-Turkish War: Diplomacy]

The Russo-Turkish war was certainly a surprise ... and at the same time not, because everyone knew the story of how many times the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire went to war, and to some extent how many of the aforementioned countries have had clashes with the Ottomans.

But it was a surprise that they chose just this moment in 1896, and the diplomatic speed of the declaration of war by about 6 countries against the Ottoman Empire. Germany and Italy were enjoying neutrality, Austria-Hungary was dying on the inside, and France and the British Empire were at war.

There were obviously certain problems, mainly in the United Kingdom, a war between the Ottoman Empire and the coalition was the last nail in the coffin of the Ottomans, precisely leading Russia to a powerful position in the Middle East and taking the straits.

That was inadmissible by British history, they simply did not want to and could not admit some Russian straits because of the dangerousness of this. But doing this also meant fighting against the coalition and the diplomatic consequences of said intervention, and an impressive monetary-logistical expense.

France was even prepared to support Russia after it had taken Suez, even supporting a Greek claim on Cyprus, in order to further annoy the British.

Meanwhile Germany benefited from trade and bilateral ties with Russia, and for the time being it was convenient to let Russia get away with it (not put it on the British or French side against Germany).

Austria-Hungary could do nothing without being sentenced to war against Romania and many Slavs.

Serbia on the other hand was against this war, with aggressive declarations against Bulgaria and Greece due to the fear of Alexander I regarding the expansion of these two states.

Italy on the other hand was completely in favor, in fact on November 30 they declared war on the Ottoman Empire, informally joining the Russian-led coalition.

Why did Italy join? To conquer Libya, it is that simple.

Further supporting a series of commercial shipments and military volunteers to both France and the armies of the Balkans and Russia (curiously many of them today were people on the left).

Germany even began to give economic-war support to Italy, and some of these surpluses were sent from Italy to France.

*******

[Russo-Turkish War: Combat]

* Greece, Bosnia and Montenegro.

The bulk of the Greek troops marched towards the north of the Kingdom of Greece, to "reconquer" (according to the propaganda of the Hellenic state) the lands of Northern Epirus from the hands of the Principality of Albania.

The Albanians were still relatively loyal and with an experienced army, but there was an advantage, Prince Pedro Kastriota was very loyal to the Albanians, if things got complicated, he would surrender and seek Albanian independence to let the Ottoman ship sink.

That was the Greek objective, to pressure the southern flank of Albania to reduce them from the south, while on the other hand troops from the Principality of Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina marched to the north of Albania and Kosovo to pressure the northern flank of the Albanians.

Forcing the Albanian armies to divide and spend resources.

Montenegro was small compared to the rest of the coalition, even smaller than Albania, but its terrain was already an advantage for combat in the event of Albanian offensives, and Albania simply did not have a navy to block Montenegrin-Bosnian access to resources. through Greek ships.

* Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria (and Romania!).

Meanwhile in Macedonia the revolutionary organizations of the left rose up in armed revolt with the start of the Russo-Turkish war, demanding the independence of Macedonia from all the powers (Greece, Bulgaria, etc.), and using their own numbers to fight against it. Ottoman yoke accepting no foreign support other than donations and equipment.

These Macedonian revolutionaries were brave, and undoubtedly had some success in backing each other, being able to defeat some garrisons and adding rural villages to the cause.

However, these victories in the beginning could be understood as a result of many factors, and not only the rebels.

The coalition had its own plans.

The Bulgarian army, supported by Romanian troops, was marching into eastern Macedonia and into the Aegean, in order to crush the Ottoman troops in the region, potentially gain territory and further support the Greek war effort.

The goal was to pull Ottoman troops out of Macedonia to make room for Greece, and to distract the Ottomans while the Russians planned an assault on Thrace and Constantinople (the straits).

A Greek army (not the bulk of the armed forces) was heading northeast to take Greek Macedonia, depriving the Ottoman Empire of some islands and ports.

In particular there was the goal of taking Thessalonica once and for all, and then taking part of Thrace.

* Russia and Kurdistan.

Russia and Kurdistan were the only non-Balkan states in the conflict, and the only states east of the Ottoman Empire. In addition to Russia being the leader of the coalition, this gave both countries certain curious roles.

The objective was to cut off the eastern parts of the Ottoman Empire, destroy supplies, and gain territories to hasten the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and delay its response to the offensives in the Balkans.

In addition, Russia was planning an amphibious offensive (with Bulgarian-Romanian support) towards the straits, this would cost some time but there was no time to lose, there were other objectives.

The bulk of the Kurdish army advanced towards the region of Syria and parts of Anatolia (regions with Kurds). There was another Kurdish force that was in joint action with a Russian army towards the Assyria region.

Kurdish Ottoman and Kurdish volunteers from Russia came as support units to both armies.

The majority of Russian troops (those who were not preparing for the assault on Constantinople or supporting other allies such as Kurdistan) were going west, heading towards the few Armenian regions of the Ottoman Empire that remained to be liberated.

Obviously the Russian army was joined by volunteers from many groups, Armenians, other non-Russian Kurds and other minorities of the Ottoman Empire very willing to fight against the Ottoman Turks.

*Italy.

The recent ally simply proceeded to start attacking Ottoman ports and positions in Libya, of course with remarkable success recounting the unexpectedness of the attack and the state of the Ottoman armed forces.

They served mainly to distract what little remained of the Ottoman navy, at least as far as the purposes of the coalition were concerned.

While the coalition served to distract practically the entire Ottoman Empire.

* Urfa and other opposition.

The declaration of war was the last chance, various groups of Muslims unhappy with the Ottoman government and radical nationalist political groups accompanied their fellow Armenians, Kurds and other minorities to fight against the Ottoman Empire.

For example, there was the so-called Urfa Society, in the city of the same name, collaborators of the coalition forces against the Union and Progress Committee, as well as other groups.

The aforementioned Armenian and Kurdish volunteers.

And others, such as the Arab nation and religious minorities.

Some collaborated directly with the invaders, and others were simply opportunists to war against the Ottoman power seizing the moment.

Urfa society called for equality and respect within Ottoman society for other of its parts, regardless of religion or ethnicity, they saw themselves not as Turks but as Muslims.

On the other hand there was the CUP, which called for the opposite, a Turkish nationalist Ottoman state (and other measures of course but they instigated the violence against minorities that caused all this problem).

The CUP and other similar groups raised a problem in the western regions of Anatolia, calling for political reform and attacking the minority populations in the Ottoman metropolises (Greeks, Armenians, etc.), while in the southeast of the region wars of urban-rural guerrilla between the Urfa Society and its allies (the opposition), and the CUP with parts of the army (the government, more or less).

(OOC: Just to explain:

*Greece goes north,

*Russia goes to East and northern Irak.

*More specific, Kurdistan goes to Al-Hasakah and Sanliurfa

*Montenegro and Bosnia go south.

*Romania and Bulgaria are focusing for now mostly in Blagoevgrad but with an intention in all of North Macedonia.

*And there is a republic of North Macedonia in Polog, Skopje and Southeastern )

(P.D: Is more easy to do a map when all of this end to see the changes XD).

*******

* Charles Aigle.

The field had been watched and recognized by members of the Russian air force, after the overflight one of the Russian airplanes crossed the sky towards one of the Ottoman barracks and warehouses.

Then the airplane drops the bomb, which hits its target, initiating a powerful first attack against the Ottoman forces before the army begins to advance.

While the bomber returned trucks carried the artillery for the infantry, which was heading to take the city. Meanwhile the bomber returned to a safe position.

"Excellent work as always." The superior congratulates Charles.

"Long live the Russie!". Charles exclaims with applause before getting off the bomber for maintenance, to receive him there are Kurds and Armenians who are part of the squad.

"We were testing the 'new toys' of the Russian armed forces against Ottoman strategic points, some of the Ottoman engineers still seemed to have some ingenuity and tried to develop artillery against the air force, but it was too late, they did not have enough resources and neither they were very lucky to say.

The expeditions of the 4th Bomber Corps were a considerable success. "

-Reports of the 4th Bomber Corps, Charles Aigle (descendant of French immigrants in Russia).

*******

[Goverment and Opposition]

* United Kingdom: Albert Victor and the social aristocracy.

Some political problems arose due to the Fashoda war, many Irish nationalists (and to a lesser extent Scots and Welsh) and socialists had been pushed aside, either because of their dangerousness, support for France or positions against the war.

Many moderate and liberal conservatives (in addition to supporters of Home Rule), were also displaced by the failures in the UK's foreign policy, the shame and anger were too great.

This left two main problems, for example first the need for a new political generation (and more moderate ...), who for the moment was on the streets, working in factories or fighting in the Fashoda war, and an increase in the influence and political power of the aristocracy (even more than before).

Many of these aristocrats were angry with Boulanger, after all they were humiliated in some battles and lost money, that annoys anyone, the problem is that they continued to agree with some of his political ideas, but now they wanted to get away from Boulangism.

The other problem was that the Fashoda war and the elimination of many political elements simply left the most radical on the political scene, English-British nationalists, hard-line conservatives, right-wing populists, the aforementioned aristocrats.

This led to the creation or the foundations of what leftist thinkers called "Social Aristocracy", a nationalist and populist disguise (sometimes taking initiatives from the political left) that concealed severe extremisms similar to Boulangism, an evolution also of the thoughts of autocracy. , militarism, ethno-centrism (the white man and European culture), extreme capitalism and European imperialism (again based on Boulangism, Russia, etc).

These groups of Social Aristocrats began to use their political power and influence, as well as money, to support powerful groups and personalities in British society during the Fashoda conflict, amassing a mass of power in southern England to pressure their political plans.

And it turns out that one of these elements was the Prince of Wales, Albert Victor (along with his wife), who after the attack by a French anarchist and watching the Fashoda war, fell irredeemably into right-wing extremisms and populism. .

With an anti-socialist and anti-anarchist stance, obviously capitalist, imperialist and nationalist. A nationalism directed against France, separatism (Ireland for example) and quite against Russia (due to the Russo-Turkish war and Russia's 'threat' to the British Empire) and the Slavs in general (Polish workers in London for example ).

Perhaps the most curious thing was the pro-German position of the Prince of Wales, although with sense, the wife of this was Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, and she had some influence on him. And in turn she was influenced by some of the social aristocrats.

Edward VII tried to convince his son to abandon this political act, but he had no luck and did not have much time to make plans against it.

*******

"The possibility of invading and defeating us has been the motivation, dream and deception of many continental tyrannies.

Our enemy displays the originality of its malice, its treacherous nature and all kinds of brutality.

But we can count on a guarantee, our strength consists of the sea, the wind generated by the Royal Navy is enough to terrify any fleet that tries to cross the English Channel to our islands. We are the founders of a light, a light in the European civilization against other weaker nations.

No wild idea of foreign powers can compare to that.

For God, I myself have full confidence that we are capable of riding into the storm of war and defeating France, as we have done over and over again in the past.

We will fight for years, even if we do it alone, because that is the will of the British people, because that is the greatness that we inherited from our Germanic ancestors. We will deliberately and gladly fight those French traitors, raze their fields and recover what they stole from us.

The British Empire will defend to the death the Home Islands, our island of origin, our homeland.

I do not think for a moment that these islands can be subjugated by traitors, foreigners or tyrants, since our war aim doesn't consist in reaching certain lines, but in the physical destruction of our enemy. "

-Albert Victor, Prince of Wales.

Albert Victor exclaims in a speech in the middle of London, many English from the south of England support him, but the Irish and workers from the north look at him discontented.

With the Fashoda war came opposition to the war from Catholics, nationalist groups opposed to the British, and socialist-anarchists.

Of course with the radicalization of politics, the oppression and suppression of these anti-war movements became inevitable, promoted by political elites, if support for the war fell, problems would occur at home, and the elites did not want that.

The repression in the Edwardian era was not very different from other European policies, it used the police or the army.

What the UK could not see was the army that was currently fighting in Africa, attacked by French and some natives, in an extremely exhausting war, victims of malaria or the weather, and with increasing demoralization on most fronts, except the Congolese.

Lowering salaries and budgets didn't help either.

The radicalization of the north of England to the left (as opposed to the radical north to the right) and Ireland continued.

Everything had started smoothly under the rule of King Edward VII.

But there was something very rotten underneath it all.

*******

*France.

In the Second French Empire and its colonial empire it was more of the same, some socialist opposition that had to be crushed by force, republicans and anti-monarchists having to be imprisoned, etc.

In the colonial empire for its part there were some natives who wanted to rebel, but unfortunately France had the Transaharan to keep its new territories under its control, there was a strong military presence in the eastern parts and the northwestern parts of Africa were relatively integrated enough not to be a problem at the moment.

At the moment things were not serious enough, but it is obvious that the Fashoda war only enlivened the socialists more, whether on the streets or in prisons.

Boulangism however remained the official ideology, and therefore reigned with the monopoly of violence, propaganda and economics.

Now the companies dominated all of the former British assets in the region, France had de-facto split between various regions run by a mix of bureaucrats, military, and state-controlled companies (through coercion, not legally).

Politically speaking, another development was the continuous rise of two figures who entered into an alliance, on the one hand there was Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras and on the other there was Pierre Curie.

Maurras was the main ideologist and spokesperson, with power in the media (newspapers), ties in Boulangism and the rural masses-Catholic, conservative and nationalists.

On the other hand, Pierre Curie was a relatively cool voice, with ties to Parisian intellectuals and educational institutions, attracting Parisian Poles (with talents, such as Pierre's own wife, Marie, who had an influence on him), and recent friend. of the military-industrial complex, supporting the war effort through the production of chemical weapons.

This alliance led a front, allowed by Georges Boulanger, of boulangist nationalists, ranging from theorists to paramilitaries attacking the ideas of socialism and republican democracy.

"There are only two possibilities, the victory of France, a Catholic Christian civilization and romance, heir to Rome.

Or the extinction of the sovereignty of France as we know it.

We face a danger to the identity of France and the future of the French empire.

Across the sea, in another land, there is an enemy who wants to see us as a vassal, cannon fodder for their own wars, manipulating and threatening Europe and the sovereignty of all the nations that border the world ocean. We should eliminate this threat.

The perfidious Albion wants to launch another war against the French nation, but this war must not end the Anglo-Saxon influence on Western Europe, on the contrary, this influence must be eradicated.

Western Europe is Catholic, so is Spain, so is Italy, so is Portugal, so is Ireland, and so is France. "

-Pierre Curie.

"The French Republic was created with love for all people except the French, that is a thought that was deeply implanted in the minds of the first leaders of the French Republic and that led them to its eradication.

That is the glory of France.

Rome abandoned republicanism and popular democracy, because democracy needs the majority of the population to be wise. An autocracy only needs one wise person at the helm.

On the other hand England has only been founded by an economic thought, a science that is useless in the advancement of history. A nation dedicated solely to the economy and that has grown behind the economy is doomed to extinction.

Carthage and Rome teach us this.

Similar to this historical situation, France, daughter of Rome, must crush the perfidious Albion. "

-Charles Maurras.

The paramilitaries dressed in red, white and blue greeted Maurras and Pierre as they rode in a car accompanied by other officers after the speeches and political promotions of the two individuals.

******

*Portugal.

"Viva a república, não a guerra!" (Live the republic, no war!) Protestants shout in Portuguese outside the barracks of the English troops in Lisbon, which had been a point of friction between the Portuguese and Spanish, nationalities of the Iberian Peninsula, which had strained Franco-Portuguese relations, etc.

Other key factors were the British refusal to support the Pink Map (the first times it was requested), having issued an ultimatum that had brought a crisis to the monarchy (unable to solve most of the Portuguese economic problems) and the growth of the Anti-war movements of the Socialists and Republicans, after all the Fashoda conflict was completely alien to the Portuguese.

But then on November 3 it was revealed that factions of the monarchical government had proposed to further support the Fashoda war in case the Pink Map or some type of concession was granted to the Portuguese colonial empire.

After all, otherwise Portugal would gain nothing from the war, while spending its resources on supporting its "ally."

The answer to the Portuguese claims was no, since they made no sense and precisely violated the English ambitions themselves.

This caused some resignations in the Portuguese government, increasing discontent.

The denial in itself had already caused anger among the Portuguese, who showed their discontent in various protests of republican and socialist origin, against which the very troops of the Portuguese and British army fired.

So this escalated to various projectiles launched against English barracks, from eggs to rocks, balls or even flaming cocktails.

Obviously this led to martial law in some Portuguese neighborhoods.

The Portuguese Socialists and Republicans saw this simply as another Portuguese submission to the Anglo-Saxons, and that made them quite angry.

It looked like an occupation, and it represented a threat of war to the Portuguese nation.