Was Yongzheng a wise ruler or a fatuous ruler?Yongzheng was a controversial emperor, but judging from his actions during his reign, he was more inclined to be a wise ruler.
In terms of politics, Yongzheng actively carried out many reforms during his reign. He set up the Military and Political Affairs Office and perfected the secret system to strengthen the imperial rule. The establishment of a secret system to establish the crown prince prevented the political turmoil brought about by the princes fighting for the crown prince to a certain extent. He cracked down on cliques, punished the brothers who participated in the struggle for the throne, and the ministers who formed cliques to seize power, such as Yunzhi, Yunzhi, Nian Gengyao, Longkeduo, etc., and rectified the administration of officials.
In terms of border governance, he pacified the chaos in Qinghai and Xizang through military operations, sent troops to Junggar to stabilize the northwest border, and strengthened his control over the southwest territory through the reform of the land.
In the aspect of financial management, he set up the Huijing government, implemented the policy of returning the surplus to the public, strengthened the financial management, implemented the tax reform measures such as sharing the land into the mu, and stipulated that the scholars and the people should work together.
In the household registration management, the abolition of cheap household registration, the implementation of Baojia law. In order to alleviate the currency problem, it was strictly prohibited for the people to privately cast currency and use bronze ware.
In terms of culture, he worshiped Confucianism and respected Confucius. He combined Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to maintain his rule. He also launched a literary inquisition to crack down on cliques and strengthen the control of intelligentsia.
However, he was also accused of murdering his father, forcing his mother, murdering his brother, slaughtering his younger brother, and other ten crimes. There were relevant records in the "Book of Righteousness", and there were also some negative rumors among the people, but these could also be malicious slander by political opponents or dissatisfied reformers. Moreover, Yongzheng was a very diligent emperor. He slept no more than four hours a day and was basically working every year except for his birthday. From his actual achievements and the promotion of the development of the Qing Dynasty, he could be regarded as a wise emperor.
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Is Wang Mang a fatuous ruler or a wise ruler?The judgment of whether Wang Mang was a fatuous ruler or a wise ruler was more complicated.
From a certain perspective, some people believed that he had the qualities of a " wise ruler." Wang Mang was born into a prominent consort family, but he did not live extravagantly like the rest of the family. Instead, he lived a quiet, frugal life, was humble, and studious. In the early days of his reign, he actively implemented a series of policies that seemed innovative at the time, such as the abolition of slavery and the concept of equality for all; nationalization of land, distributing land to the people, allowing farmers to have land to cultivate; nationalization of salt, iron, and wine, and prohibition of private sales; emphasis on scientific and technological talents, vigorously supporting scientists to invent and research; stabilizing the economy and cracking down on merchants who illegally hoarded goods; establishing state-owned bank currency and unifying the market currency; Establishing a loan system to facilitate the people's financing.
However, from another perspective, he was also seen as a " fatuous ruler." His reform intensified social contradictions in the process of implementation. For example, although the idea of Tuogu reform was ideal, many policies were difficult to implement effectively under the social structure and productivity level at that time. Instead, it triggered large-scale uprisings such as Green Forest and Red Eyebrow. Moreover, he usurped the throne of the Han Dynasty to establish a new dynasty, which was regarded as disloyal and unjust under the traditional feudal orthodoxy.
To sum up, Wang Mang could not simply be defined as an incompetent or wise ruler.
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Is Li Heng a wise ruler or a foolish ruler?There were different opinions and evaluations on whether Li Heng was a wise ruler or an incompetent ruler. Some documents believed that Li Heng was a fatuous ruler who placed eunuchs in important positions, leading to the corruption of the court and laying the foundation for the eunuchs to monopolize power. However, there were also documents that believed that Li Heng was a wise ruler. He played an important role in quelling the An Lushan Rebellion and made a contribution to the Tang Dynasty's survival. In addition, during his reign, he also implemented a series of policies beneficial to the development of the country, contributing to the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. There was no clear answer to the question of whether Li Heng was a wise ruler or an incompetent one.
Is Li Heng a wise ruler or a foolish ruler?There were different opinions and evaluations on whether Li Heng was a wise ruler or an incompetent ruler. Some documents believed that Li Heng was a fatuous ruler who placed eunuchs in important positions, leading to the corruption of the court and laying the foundation for the eunuchs to monopolize power. However, there were also documents that believed that Li Heng was a wise ruler who played an important role in quelling the An Lushan Rebellion and contributed to the turning point of the Tang Dynasty. However, he could not come to a clear conclusion based on the above information.
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