on tcp ip

In the novel, some potential competing technologies to TCP/IP might have been satellite-based communication systems or advanced wireless networks.

The mechanism for ensuring the reliable transmission of data mainly includes the following aspects: ** 1. Principle and Core Elements of Retransmission ** 1. ** Confirm mechanism ** - In the case of a packet, the receiver would return an acknowledgment message (ACK) to inform the sender that it had successfully received the data. The sender waited for an acknowledgment after sending the data packet. If the packet was not received within a specified time, it would be considered as a lost data packet and trigger the replay mechanism. 2. ** Swipe the window ** - The sliding window mechanism was used by the protocol to achieve flow control and congestion control. The sender's window size determines the number of packets that can be sent. When the receiver returns an acknowledgment, the sender's window will slide, and the sender can continue to send new packets. If there are unconfirmed packets, the window will stop sliding until the sender receives an acknowledgment or triggers a replay mechanism. 3. ** Sequence Number ** - Each packet was assigned an independent sequence number to ensure orderly transmission. The receiver sorts the data packets according to the serial numbers. If the serial numbers are not continuous, it means that there is a packet loss and will request the sender to resend. 4. ** Retransmission timer ** - The sender of the protocol monitors the packets that have been sent but have not received an acknowledgment. When the timer expired, the sender would assume that the corresponding data packet was lost and trigger the replay mechanism. In order to adapt to different network environments, the self-adapting timer adjustment strategy was used to adjust the time-out threshold. ** 2. Retransmission trigger condition ** 1. ** Time out for re-transmission ** - When the sender sends the data packet, it starts the re-transmission timer and waits for the acknowledgment. If the sender did not receive an acknowledgment before the timer expired, the sender would assume that the packet was lost and trigger a time-out. This could happen when a packet is lost or an acknowledgment is lost. The setting of the Retransmission Time-Out (RTO) was critical. If the RTO was too large, the sender would have to wait for a long time to discover the loss of the message segment, which would be inefficient. If the RTO was too small, some message segments with large delays might be mistaken as lost, causing unnecessary retransmissions to waste network resources. Therefore, the value of RTO was not fixed. It was slightly larger than the connection round-trip time (RTL, which was the time from sending data to receiving the return acknowledgment packet). In the linux-based system, to calculate RTO, it samples the RTL. The smoothed RTL value is calculated by the weighed average. At the same time, the fluctuation range of the RTL is also measured. The calculation formula is: when RTO is calculated for the first time, if R1 is the first measured RTL, then RTL = R1, DevRTL = R1/2, RTO= 0.(\mu * SRTT+\delta * DevRTT=\mu * R1+\delta * (R1/2)\); In the subsequent calculation of RTO, if R2 is the newly measured RTL, then STTL = STTL +<<alpha * (RTL-STTL)>=R1+<alpha * (R2 - R1)>, DevRTL =(1 -<beta>)* DevRTL +<beta *>(<beta>)| RTT - SRTT|)=(1 -beta) * (R1/2)+ beta * (R2 - R1), RTO=(mu * SKMT + Delta * Dev MTMT)(in linux (alpha = 0.125),(beta = 0.25),(mu =1),(Delta = 4). Moreover, in the case of a repeat transmission, RTO was not calculated using the above formula, but using a method called "exponential backoff." When the 3rd repeated ACK is received, ssrefresh is set to the current congestion window cwn, and when the next ACK confirming new data arrives, cwn is set. 2. ** Rapid Retransmission ** - When the receiver receives three consecutive acknowledgment packets with the same serial number, the sender will think that the corresponding packet has been lost and trigger a fast replay. This is a replay strategy to improve the performance of the protocol. In addition, there were also SACK and Repeat SACK methods. The protocol used the sequence number and acknowledgment number in the header to decide whether to re-transmit or not to prevent the network packet from being dropped. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!

It could be the way it simplifies complex TCP concepts into easy-to-understand and humorous visuals.

In a comic, TCP is often shown as more reliable and orderly, like a well-organized delivery service. UDP, on the other hand, is depicted as faster but less reliable, like a speedy messenger who might sometimes make mistakes.

The full name of an IP drama was "adaptation rights drama series". It referred to a TV series that was based on a popular Internet cultural product (such as novels, comics, animations, games, etc.) that authorized its storyline, characters, background settings, etc. to television, movies, and other media. The production company of an IP drama would usually first purchase the copyright, then adapt and create the original IP into a series and broadcast it on television, movies, and other media. IP was the short form of "intellectual property." It refers to a type of intellectual property, namely the creativity, works, ideas, concepts, etc. created by a person, company, or organization. The rights are solely enjoyed by the person, company, or organization and are not violated by a third party. For example, novels, comics, animations, games, and other Internet cultural products were a type of IP. IP drama was a form of expression that used IP to create and adapt and transform it into a series.