December 5, 2023

Today's featured article

Hurricane Erika (2003)

Article Talk

Language

Watch

View source

For other storms named Erika, see List of tropical storms named Erika.

Not to be confused with Hurricane Erick.

Hurricane Erika was a weak hurricane that struck extreme northeastern Mexico near the Texas–Tamaulipas border in mid-August of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Erika was the eighth tropical cyclone, fifth tropical storm, and third hurricane of the season. At first, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) operationally did not designate it as a hurricane because initial data suggested winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) at Erika's peak intensity. It was not until later data was analyzed that the NHC revised it to Category 1 intensity in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The storm developed from a non-tropical area of low pressure that was tracked for five days before developing in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 14. Under the influence of a high pressure system, Erika moved quickly westward and strengthened under favorable conditions. It made landfall as a hurricane on northeastern Mexico on August 16, and the storm's low-level circulation center dissipated by the next day. However, the storm's mid-level circulation persisted for another three days, emerging into the East Pacific and moving northwestward over Baja California, before dissipating on August 20.

Hurricane Erika

Erika as a tropical storm after its landfall on Mexico on August 16

Meteorological history

Formed

August 14, 2003

Post-tropical

August 17, 2003

Dissipated

August 20, 2003

Category 1 hurricane

1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)

Highest winds

75 mph (120 km/h)

Lowest pressure

986 mbar (hPa); 29.12 inHg

Overall effects

Fatalities

2 direct

Damage

$100,000 (2003 USD)

Areas affected

The Bahamas, Florida, Mexico, Southern Texas

IBTrACS

Part of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season

While Erika's precursor disturbance was moving across Florida, it dropped heavy rainfall. In south Texas, Erika produced moderate winds of 50 to 60 mph (80 to 97 km/h) along with light rain, causing minor and isolated wind damage in the state. In northeastern Mexico, Erika produced moderate amounts of rainfall, resulting in mudslides and flooding. There, two people were killed when their vehicle was swept away by floodwaters.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Map key

Saffir–Simpson scale

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

Unknown

Storm type

Tropical cyclone

Subtropical cyclone

Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A weak surface area of low pressure detached from a frontal system on August 8, while located 1,150 miles (1,850 km) to the east of Bermuda. It moved southwestward, and on August 9, it generated convection as it passed beneath a cold-core upper-level low. The surface low and the upper-level low turned westward as it revolved around a common center, and by August 11, the surface low developed into a trough while 440 miles (710 km) south of Bermuda. As the system rapidly continued westward, much of the convection remained near the center of the upper-level low, preventing development of a closed surface circulation. On August 13, while located near the northwestern Bahamas, a substantial increase in convection resulted in the upper-level low building downwards to the middle levels of the troposphere, coinciding with the development of an upper level anticyclone.[1]

A closed low-level circulation nearly developed on August 14 to the east of Key Largo, Florida, but it weakened due to the deep convection remaining to the north over the mid-level center. The mid-level storm continued westward and moved across Florida.[1] After crossing Florida, Hurricane Hunters indicated a poorly defined circulation, but with winds exceeding tropical storm strength, and the system was designated as Tropical Storm Erika late on August 14 while located 85 miles (137 km) west of Fort Myers.[2]

NEXRAD image of Erika making landfall on northeastern Mexico.

With well-established outflow and low levels of wind shear,[2] Erika strengthened as the circulation became better defined. A high pressure system persisted over the south-central United States, forcing the storm to move just south of due west at 25 mph (40 km/h). On August 15, convection organized into bands, and as its winds approached hurricane strength, an eye developed within the storm. Erika turned to the west-southwest on August 16, and attained hurricane status just prior to making landfall near Boca San Rafael, Tamaulipas, in northeastern Mexico, or about 40 miles (64 km) south of the United States–Mexico border. The storm rapidly weakened over the mountainous Sierra Madre Oriental, and Erika's low-level circulation center dissipated early on August 17.[1] The mid-level circulation maintained integrity as it crossed Mexico, and led to the formation of a tropical disturbance after entering the Gulf of California on August 18. It turned to the northwest and weakened on August 20, before dissipating soon afterward.[3]

Operationally, Erika was never upgraded to hurricane status. However, based on a persistent eye feature on radar and Doppler weather radar-estimated surface winds of 75 mph (121 km/h), the National Hurricane Center posthumously upgraded Erika to a hurricane.[1]

Preparations

Tropical Storm Erika approaching Mexico on August 15

The threat of Erika's onslaught prompted the evacuation of 51 oil platforms and 3 oil rigs in the western Gulf of Mexico. The lack of production led to a loss of production of 8,708 barrels (1,384.5 m3) of oil per day and 173.14 million cubic feet (4,903,000 m3) of natural gas per day. On the day of its landfall, the lack of production led to 1,979 less barrels of oil for the day, or about 0.12% of the total daily production for the Gulf of Mexico, while the loss of 32 million cubic feet (910,000 m3) of gas for the day was equivalent to 0.23% of the total production.[4] However, due to its rapid motion, the passage of the storm resulted in minimal effects on operations.[5]

While the storm was located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 15, the National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Watch and Tropical Storm Warning from Brownsville to Baffin Bay, Texas. The center also recommended a Hurricane Watch spanning from Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, to the international border. Late that same day, when strengthening was underway, a Hurricane Warning was either issued or recommended from La Pesca, Tamaulipas, to Baffin Bay, Texas, though the warnings for south Texas were dropped when a more southward motion occurred.[1] Just one month after Hurricane Claudette caused millions in damage in south Texas, the fast movement of Erika caught citizens by surprise as it was forecast to make landfall near Brownsville. Citizens and business owners boarded up for the storm.[6] About 10,000 were evacuated from northeastern Mexico due to the threat for flooding,[7] including 2,000 in Matamoros.[5]

Impact

Rainfall data for Erika

The precursor disturbance was expected to bring heavy, yet needed rainfall to the Bahamas.[8] The precursor disturbance dropped heavy precipitation while moving across Florida, including in Indian River County,[9] and also produced 6–8 ft (1.8–2.4 m) waves with moderate wind gusts.[10]

Erika produced light rainfall across southern Texas, peaking at 3.83 inches (97 mm) in Sabinal,[11] though most locations reported less than two inches (51 mm) of precipitation. In addition, weather radar estimated isolated accumulations of 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 millimetres) of precipitation in Kenedy and Brooks Counties. Sustained winds from Erika in south Texas peaked at 39 mph (63 km/h) in Brownsville, where a gust of 47 mph (76 km/h) was also recorded.[1] Strong waves were reported northwards to Corpus Christi.[12] The storm caused minor flooding and beach erosion along South Padre Island.[1] Strong wind gusts of up to 60 mph (97 km/h) caused isolated, minor wind damage in south Texas, including in South Padre Island, where the winds damaged the roof of a business. The winds also uprooted a large tree and caused limb damage to several small- to medium-sized trees in Brownsville. In Texas, damage totaled to $10,000 (2003 USD$, 15,908 2023 USD).[13]

In Mexico, Hurricane Erika primarily affected the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León, but also had effects on Coahuila as well. Rainfall peaked at 6.71 inches (170 mm) in Magueyes in Tamaulipas.[14] Several other locations reported over 3 inches (76 mm),[1] including 4.02 inches (102 mm) in Cerro Prieto, which was the maximum amount in the state of Nuevo León,[14] and 3.42 inches (87 mm) in Monterrey,[1] where 30 people were injured.[7] Sustained winds peaked at 40 mph (64 km/h) in San Fernando, where a gust of 65 mph (105 km/h) was also reported.[1] The heavy rainfall resulted in severe flooding and mudslides, blocking several highways in northeastern Mexico.[14] In Matamoros, the storm damaged roofs and cars.[7] Moderate winds snapped tree branches and spread debris across roads, though locals considered the storm minor.[5] In the Nuevo León city of Montemorelos, two people died when they were swept away after they drove their truck across a partially flooded bridge.[1] Throughout Mexico, 20,000 people were left without power due to the storm.[7] The remnant circulation produced heavy amounts of precipitation in western Mexico and on the Baja California peninsula.[3][15]