Pakistan history

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Lasting just 13 days, it is considered one of the shortest wars in history.[27][28]

During the war, Indian and Pakistani forces fought on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistani Armed Forces signed the Instrument of Surrender (1971) on December 16, 1971.[29][30] After the surrender, East Pakistan seceded as the independent state of Bangladesh. Around 97,368 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel[31] and 12,500 civilians,[31] were taken as prisoners of war by India.

Western and Soviet involvement[change | change source]

The Blood Telegram

The Soviet Union sided with the Bangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini during the war. The Soviets thought that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and China. The USSR gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971.[32]

The United States supported Pakistan politically and with supplies. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia.[33] Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement. Nixon was planning to visit China in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would give the Soviets control over the region. It would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,[34] while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal" activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.[35][36][37] The United States introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan. It was vetoed by the Soviet Union. In the following days Nixon and Kissinger tried to get India to withdraw, but they did not succeed.[38]

President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan.[39]

When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. The Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay.[40]

On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok;[32] they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean.

Date

3–16 December 1971 (13 days)

Location

Eastern Front:India–East Pakistan borderBay of Bengal

Pasha enclaves

Western Front:

India–Pakistan borderLine of Control

Zero Point

Indian OceanArabian Sea

Result

Decisive Indian victory[1][2][3]

Eastern front:

Surrender of East Pakistan military command

Western front:

Unilateral ceasefire

Territorial

changes

Eastern Front:

Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh

Western Front:

Indian forces captured around 15,010 km2 (5,795 sq mi) of land in the West but returned it in the 1972 Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill.[4][5][6]

Belligerents

India

Provisional Government of Bangladesh

Pakistan

East Pakistan

Commanders and leaders

Indira Gandhi

(Prime Minister of India)

V. V. Giri

(President of India)

Swaran Singh

(External Minister of India)

Jagjivan Ram

(Defence Minister of India)

Gen Sam Manekshaw

(Chief of Army Staff)

Lt.Gen J.S. Arora

(GOC-in-C, Eastern Command)

Lt.Gen G.G. Bewoor

(GOC-in-C, Southern Command)

Lt.Gen K. P. Candeth

(GOC-in-C, Western Command)

Lt.Gen Premindra Bhagat

(GOC-in-C, Central Command)

Lt.Gen Sagat Singh

(GOC-in-C, IV Corps)

Lt.Gen T. N. Raina

(GOC-in-C, II Corps)

Lt.Gen Sartaj Singh

(GOC-in-C, XV Corps)

Lt.Gen Karan Singh

(GOC-in-C, I Corps)

MajGen Farj R. Jacob

(COS, Eastern Command)

MajGen Om Malhotra

(COS, IV Corps)

MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill

(Dir, Military Operations)

Adm S. M. Nanda

(Chief of Naval Staff)

VAdm S. N. Kohli

(Cdr. Western Naval Command)

VAdm N. Krishnan

(Cdr. Eastern Naval Command)

RAdm S H Sarma

(Cdr. Eastern Fleet)

ACM Pratap C. Lal

(Chief of Air Staff)

Rameshwar Kao

(Director of RAW)

Tajuddin Ahmad

(PM Provisional Government)

Col. M.A.G. Osmani

(Commander, Mukti Bahini)

Yahya Khan

(President of Pakistan)

Nurul Amin

(Prime Minister of Pakistan)

Gen. A.H. Khan

(Chief of Staff, Army GHQ)

Lt.Gen A.A.K. Niazi

(Commander, Eastern Command)

Lt.Gen Gul Hassan Khan

(Chief of General Staff)

Lt.Gen Abdul Ali Malik

(Commander, I Corps)

Lt.Gen Tikka Khan

(Commander, II Corps)

Lt.Gen Sher Khan

(Commander, IV Corps)

MGen Iftikhar Janjua †

(GOC, 23rd Infantry Division)

MGen Khadim Hussain

(GOC, 14th Infantry Division)

VAdm Muzaffar Hassan

(Cdr-in-Chief, Navy)

RAdm Rashid Ahmed

(COS, Navy NHQ)

RAdm Moh'd Shariff

(Cdr, Eastern Naval Command)

RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi

(Cdr, Western Naval Command)

RAdm Leslie Norman

(Commander, Pakistan Marines)

AM Abdul Rahim Khan

(Cdr-in-Chief, Air Force)

AVM P.D. Callaghan

(Chief Ins, Pakistan Air Force)

Air Cdre Inamul Haq

(Cdr Eastern Air Command)

Gp.Capt. Z.A. Khan

(COS, Air AHQ Dhaka)

Abdul Motaleb Malik

(Governor of East Pakistan)

Strength

Indian Armed Forces: 1,000,000[7]

Mukti Bahini: 180,000[8]

Total: 1,180,000

Pakistan Armed Forces: 350,000[7]

Casualties and losses

India

2,500[9]–3,843 killed[10][11]

9,851[10]–12,000[12] injured

1 Naval aircraft[13][14]

1 Frigate

Okha harbour damaged/fuel tanks destroyed[15][16][17]

Damage to several western Indian airfields[18][19]

Pakistani claims

130 IAF Aircraft[20]

Indian claims

45 IAF Aircraft[21]

Neutral claims

45 IAF Aircraft[9]

Pakistan

9,000 killed[22]

25,000 wounded[12]

93,000 captured

2 Destroyers

1 Minesweeper

1 Submarine[23]

3 Patrol vessels

7 Gunboats

Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged/fuel tanks destroyed[24]

Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered[25]

Pakistani claims

42 PAF Aircraft[26]

Indian claims

94 PAF Aircraft[21]

Neutral claims

75 PAF Aircraft[9]