EVOLUTIONOFMANAGEMENT
Early Management (3000BC-1776)
Management has been in practice a longtime ago even before people learnt to read and write.
Organized endeavors directed by people responsible for planning,organizing,leading,and
controlling activities have existed for thousands of years.An example,The Egyptian pyramids and
the Great Wall of China are proof that projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands
of people,were completed in ancient times.It took more than 100,000 workers some 20 years to
construct a single pyramid.Who told each worker what to do?Who ensured there would be enough
stone sat the site to keep workers busy?The answer is managers.Some one had to plan what was
to be done,organize people and materials to do it,make sure those workers got the work done,and
impose some controls to ensure that everything was done as planned.
In 1776,Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations,in which heargued the economic
advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job
specialization)—that is,breakingdown jobs into narrow and repetitive asks.Using the pin
industry as an example,Smith claimed that 10 individuals,each doing aspecialized task,could
produce about 48,000 pins a day among them.However,if each person worked alone performing
each ask separately,it would be quite an accomplishment to produce even 10 pins aday! Smith
concluded that division of labor increased productivity by increasing each worker's skill and
dexterity ,saving time lost in changing tasks and creating labor-saving inventions and machinery.
Job specialization continues to be popular.For example,think of the specialized tasks performed
by members of a hospital surgery team,me al preparation tasks done by workers in restaurant
kitchens,or positions played by players on a football team.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power,a
point in history known as the industrial revolution,it became more economical to manufacture
goods in factories rather than a thome.These large,efficient factories needed someone to forecast
demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products,assign tasks to people, direct
daily activities,and so forth.That "someone" was a manager.These managers would need formal