Chapter 11

When we were small, Jem and I confined our activities to the southern neighborhood,but when I was well into the second grade at school and tormenting Boo Radley becamepasse, the business section of Maycomb drew us frequently up the street past the realproperty of Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose. It was impossible to go to town withoutpassing her house unless we wished to walk a mile out of the way. Previous minorencounters with her left me with no desire for more, but Jem said I had to grow up sometime.

　　Mrs. Dubose lived alone except for a Negro girl in constant attendance, two doors upthe street from us in a house with steep front steps and a dog-trot hall. She was veryold; she spent most of each day in bed and the rest of it in a wheelchair. It was rumoredthat she kept a CSA pistol concealed among her numerous shawls and wraps.

　　Jem and I hated her. If she was on the porch when we passed, we would be raked byher wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior, and givena melancholy prediction on what we would amount to when we grew up, which wasalways nothing. We had long ago given up the idea of walking past her house on theopposite side of the street; that only made her raise her voice and let the wholeneighborhood in on it.

　　We could do nothing to please her. If I said as sunnily as I could, "Hey, Mrs. Dubose,"

　　I would receive for an answer, "Don't you say hey to me, you ugly girl! You say goodafternoon, Mrs. Dubose!"

　　She was vicious. Once she heard Jem refer to our father as "Atticus" and her reactionwas apoplectic. Besides being the sassiest, most disrespectful mutts who ever passedher way, we were told that it was quite a pity our father had not remarried after ourmother's death. A lovelier lady than our mother never lived, she said, and it washeartbreaking the way Atticus Finch let her children run wild. I did not remember ourmother, but Jem did—he would tell me about her sometimes—and he went livid whenMrs. Dubose shot us this message.

　　Jem, having survived Boo Radley, a mad dog and other terrors, had concluded that itwas cowardly to stop at Miss Rachel's front steps and wait, and had decreed that wemust run as far as the post office corner each evening to meet Atticus coming fromwork. Countless evenings Atticus would find Jem furious at something Mrs. Dubose hadsaid when we went by.

　　"Easy does it, son," Atticus would say. "She's an old lady and she's ill. You just holdyour head high and be a gentleman. Whatever she says to you, it's your job not to lether make you mad." Jem would say she must not be very sick, she hollered so. Whenthe three of us came to her house, Atticus would sweep off his hat, wave gallantly to herand say, "Good evening, Mrs. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening."

　　I never heard Atticus say like a picture of what. He would tell her the courthouse news,and would say he hoped with all his heart she'd have a good day tomorrow. He wouldreturn his hat to his head, swing me to his shoulders in her very presence, and we wouldgo home in the twilight. It was times like these when I thought my father, who hatedguns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived.

　　The day after Jem's twelfth birthday his money was burning up his pockets, so weheaded for town in the early afternoon. Jem thought he had enough to buy a miniaturesteam engine for himself and a twirling baton for me.

　　I had long had my eye on that baton: it was at V. J. Elmore's, it was bedecked withsequins and tinsel, it cost seventeen cents. It was then my burning ambition to grow upand twirl with the Maycomb County High School band. Having developed my talent towhere I could throw up a stick and almost catch it coming down, I had caused Calpurniato deny me entrance to the house every time she saw me with a stick in my hand. I feltthat I could overcome this defect with a real baton, and I thought it generous of Jem tobuy one for me.

　　Mrs. Dubose was stationed on her porch when we went by.

　　"Where are you two going at this time of day?" she shouted. "Playing hooky, Isuppose. I'll just call up the principal and tell him!" She put her hands on the wheels ofher chair and executed a perfect right face.

　　"Aw, it's Saturday, Mrs. Dubose," said Jem.

　　"Makes no difference if it's Saturday," she said obscurely. "I wonder if your fatherknows where you are?"

　　"Mrs. Dubose, we've been goin' to town by ourselves since we were this high." Jemplaced his hand palm down about two feet above the sidewalk.

　　"Don't you lie to me!" she yelled. "Jeremy Finch, Maudie Atkinson told me you brokedown her scuppernong arbor this morning. She's going to tell your father and then you'llwish you never saw the light of day! If you aren't sent to the reform school before nextweek, my name's not Dubose!"

　　Jem, who hadn't been near Miss Maudie's scuppernong arbor since last summer, andwho knew Miss Maudie wouldn't tell Atticus if he had, issued a general denial.

　　"Don't you contradict me!" Mrs. Dubose bawled. "And you—" she pointed an arthriticfinger at me—"what are you doing in those overalls? You should be in a dress andcamisole, young lady! You'll grow up waiting on tables if somebody doesn't change yourways—a Finch waiting on tables at the O.K. Café—hah!"

　　I was terrified. The O.K. Café was a dim organization on the north side of the square. Igrabbed Jem's hand but he shook me loose.

　　"Come on, Scout," he whispered. "Don't pay any attention to her, just hold your headhigh and be a gentleman."

　　But Mrs. Dubose held us: "Not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in thecourthouse lawing for niggers!"

　　Jem stiffened. Mrs. Dubose's shot had gone home and she knew it:

　　"Yes indeed, what has this world come to when a Finch goes against his raising? I'lltell you!" She put her hand to her mouth. When she drew it away, it trailed a long silverthread of saliva. "Your father's no better than the niggers and trash he works for!"

　　Jem was scarlet. I pulled at his sleeve, and we were followed up the sidewalk by aphilippic on our family's moral degeneration, the major premise of which was that halfthe Finches were in the asylum anyway, but if our mother were living we would not havecome to such a state.

　　I wasn't sure what Jem resented most, but I took umbrage at Mrs. Dubose'sassessment of the family's mental hygiene. I had become almost accustomed to hearinginsults aimed at Atticus. But this was the first one coming from an adult. Except for herremarks about Atticus, Mrs. Dubose's attack was only routine. There was a hint ofsummer in the air—in the shadows it was cool, but the sun was warm, which meantgood times coming: no school and Dill.

　　Jem bought his steam engine and we went by Elmore's for my baton. Jem took nopleasure in his acquisition; he jammed it in his pocket and walked silently beside metoward home. On the way home I nearly hit Mr. Link Deas, who said, "Look out now,Scout!" when I missed a toss, and when we approached Mrs. Dubose's house my batonwas grimy from having picked it up out of the dirt so many times.

　　She was not on the porch.

　　In later years, I sometimes wondered exactly what made Jem do it, what made himbreak the bonds of "You just be a gentleman, son," and the phase of self-consciousrectitude he had recently entered. Jem had probably stood as much guff about Atticuslawing for niggers as had I, and I took it for granted that he kept his temper—he had anaturally tranquil disposition and a slow fuse. At the time, however, I thought the onlyexplanation for what he did was that for a few minutes he simply went mad.

　　What Jem did was something I'd do as a matter of course had I not been underAtticus's interdict, which I assumed included not fighting horrible old ladies. We had justcome to her gate when Jem snatched my baton and ran flailing wildly up the steps intoMrs. Dubose's front yard, forgetting everything Atticus had said, forgetting that shepacked a pistol under her shawls, forgetting that if Mrs. Dubose missed, her girl Jessieprobably wouldn't.

　　He did not begin to calm down until he had cut the tops off every camellia bush Mrs.

　　Dubose owned, until the ground was littered with green buds and leaves. He bent mybaton against his knee, snapped it in two and threw it down.

　　By that time I was shrieking. Jem yanked my hair, said he didn't care, he'd do it againif he got a chance, and if I didn't shut up he'd pull every hair out of my head. I didn't shutup and he kicked me. I lost my balance and fell on my face. Jem picked me up roughlybut looked like he was sorry. There was nothing to say.

　　We did not choose to meet Atticus coming home that evening. We skulked around thekitchen until Calpurnia threw us out. By some voo-doo system Calpurnia seemed toknow all about it. She was a less than satisfactory source of palliation, but she did giveJem a hot biscuit-and-butter which he tore in half and shared with me. It tasted likecotton.

　　We went to the livingroom. I picked up a football magazine, found a picture of DixieHowell, showed it to Jem and said, "This looks like you." That was the nicest thing Icould think to say to him, but it was no help. He sat by the windows, hunched down in arocking chair, scowling, waiting. Daylight faded.

　　Two geological ages later, we heard the soles of Atticus's shoes scrape the frontsteps. The screen door slammed, there was a pause—Atticus was at the hat rack in thehall—and we heard him call, "Jem!" His voice was like the winter wind.

　　Atticus switched on the ceiling light in the livingroom and found us there, frozen still.

　　He carried my baton in one hand; its filthy yellow tassel trailed on the rug. He held outhis other hand; it contained fat camellia buds.

　　"Jem," he said, "are you responsible for this?"

　　"Yes sir."

　　"Why'd you do it?"

　　Jem said softly, "She said you lawed for niggers and trash."

　　"You did this because she said that?"

　　Jem's lips moved, but his, "Yes sir," was inaudible.

　　"Son, I have no doubt that you've been annoyed by your contemporaries about melawing for niggers, as you say, but to do something like this to a sick old lady isinexcusable. I strongly advise you to go down and have a talk with Mrs. Dubose," saidAtticus. "Come straight home afterward."

　　Jem did not move.

　　"Go on, I said."

　　I followed Jem out of the livingroom. "Come back here," Atticus said to me. I cameback.

　　Atticus picked up the Mobile Press and sat down in the rocking chair Jem hadvacated. For the life of me, I did not understand how he could sit there in cold blood andread a newspaper when his only son stood an excellent chance of being murdered witha Confederate Army relic. Of course Jem antagonized me sometimes until I could killhim, but when it came down to it he was all I had. Atticus did not seem to realize this, orif he did he didn't care.

　　I hated him for that, but when you are in trouble you become easily tired: soon I washiding in his lap and his arms were around me.

　　"You're mighty big to be rocked," he said.

　　"You don't care what happens to him," I said. "You just send him on to get shot atwhen all he was doin' was standin' up for you."

　　Atticus pushed my head under his chin. "It's not time to worry yet," he said. "I neverthought Jem'd be the one to lose his head over this—thought I'd have more trouble withyou."

　　I said I didn't see why we had to keep our heads anyway, that nobody I knew at schoolhad to keep his head about anything.

　　"Scout," said Atticus, "when summer comes you'll have to keep your head about farworse things… it's not fair for you and Jem, I know that, but sometimes we have tomake the best of things, and the way we conduct ourselves when the chips are down—well, all I can say is, when you and Jem are grown, maybe you'll look back on this withsome compassion and some feeling that I didn't let you down. This case, TomRobinson's case, is something that goes to the essence of a man's conscience—Scout,I couldn't go to church and worship God if I didn't try to help that man."

　　"Atticus, you must be wrong…"

　　"How's that?"

　　"Well, most folks seem to think they're right and you're wrong…"

　　"They're certainly entitled to think that, and they're entitled to full respect for theiropinions," said Atticus, "but before I can live with other folks I've got to live with myself.

　　The one thing that doesn't abide by majority rule is a person's conscience."

　　When Jem returned, he found me still in Atticus's lap, "Well, son?" said Atticus. He setme on my feet, and I made a secret reconnaissance of Jem. He seemed to be all in onepiece, but he had a queer look on his face. Perhaps she had given him a dose ofcalomel.

　　"I cleaned it up for her and said I was sorry, but I ain't, and that I'd work on 'em everSaturday and try to make 'em grow back out."

　　"There was no point in saying you were sorry if you aren't," said Atticus. "Jem, she'sold and ill. You can't hold her responsible for what she says and does. Of course, I'drather she'd have said it to me than to either of you, but we can't always have our'druthers."

　　Jem seemed fascinated by a rose in the carpet. "Atticus," he said, "she wants me toread to her."

　　"Read to her?"

　　"Yes sir. She wants me to come every afternoon after school and Saturdays and readto her out loud for two hours. Atticus, do I have to?"

　　"Certainly."

　　"But she wants me to do it for a month."

　　"Then you'll do it for a month."

　　Jem planted his big toe delicately in the center of the rose and pressed it in. Finally hesaid, "Atticus, it's all right on the sidewalk but inside it's—it's all dark and creepy. There'sshadows and things on the ceiling…"

　　Atticus smiled grimly. "That should appeal to your imagination. Just pretend you'reinside the Radley house."

　　The following Monday afternoon Jem and I climbed the steep front steps to Mrs.

　　Dubose's house and padded down the open hallway. Jem, armed with Ivanhoe and fullof superior knowledge, knocked at the second door on the left.

　　"Mrs. Dubose?" he called.

　　Jessie opened the wood door and unlatched the screen door.

　　"Is that you, Jem Finch?" she said. "You got your sister with you. I don't know—"

　　"Let 'em both in, Jessie," said Mrs. Dubose. Jessie admitted us and went off to thekitchen.

　　An oppressive odor met us when we crossed the threshold, an odor I had met manytimes in rain-rotted gray houses where there are coal-oil lamps, water dippers, andunbleached domestic sheets. It always made me afraid, expectant, watchful.

　　In the corner of the room was a brass bed, and in the bed was Mrs. Dubose. Iwondered if Jem's activities had put her there, and for a moment I felt sorry for her. Shewas lying under a pile of quilts and looked almost friendly.

　　There was a marble-topped washstand by her bed; on it were a glass with a teaspoonin it, a red ear syringe, a box of absorbent cotton, and a steel alarm clock standing onthree tiny legs.

　　"So you brought that dirty little sister of yours, did you?" was her greeting.

　　Jem said quietly, "My sister ain't dirty and I ain't scared of you," although I noticed hisknees shaking.

　　I was expecting a tirade, but all she said was, "You may commence reading, Jeremy."

　　Jem sat down in a cane-bottom chair and opened Ivanhoe. I pulled up another oneand sat beside him.

　　"Come closer," said Mrs. Dubose. "Come to the side of the bed."

　　We moved our chairs forward. This was the nearest I had ever been to her, and thething I wanted most to do was move my chair back again.

　　She was horrible. Her face was the color of a dirty pillowcase, and the corners of hermouth glistened with wet, which inched like a glacier down the deep grooves enclosingher chin. Old-age liver spots dotted her cheeks, and her pale eyes had black pinpointpupils. Her hands were knobby, and the cuticles were grown up over her fingernails. Herbottom plate was not in, and her upper lip protruded; from time to time she would drawher nether lip to her upper plate and carry her chin with it. This made the wet movefaster.

　　I didn't look any more than I had to. Jem reopened Ivanhoe and began reading. I triedto keep up with him, but he read too fast. When Jem came to a word he didn't know, heskipped it, but Mrs. Dubose would catch him and make him spell it out. Jem read forperhaps twenty minutes, during which time I looked at the soot-stained mantelpiece, outthe window, anywhere to keep from looking at her. As he read along, I noticed that Mrs.

　　Dubose's corrections grew fewer and farther between, that Jem had even left onesentence dangling in mid-air. She was not listening.

　　I looked toward the bed.

　　Something had happened to her. She lay on her back, with the quilts up to her chin.

　　Only her head and shoulders were visible. Her head moved slowly from side to side.

　　From time to time she would open her mouth wide, and I could see her tongue undulatefaintly. Cords of saliva would collect on her lips; she would draw them in, then open hermouth again. Her mouth seemed to have a private existence of its own. It workedseparate and apart from the rest of her, out and in, like a clam hole at low tide.

　　Occasionally it would say, "Pt," like some viscous substance coming to a boil.

　　I pulled Jem's sleeve.

　　He looked at me, then at the bed. Her head made its regular sweep toward us, andJem said, "Mrs. Dubose, are you all right?" She did not hear him.

　　The alarm clock went off and scared us stiff. A minute later, nerves still tingling, Jemand I were on the sidewalk headed for home. We did not run away, Jessie sent us:

　　before the clock wound down she was in the room pushing Jem and me out of it.

　　"Shoo," she said, "you all go home."

　　Jem hesitated at the door.

　　"It's time for her medicine," Jessie said. As the door swung shut behind us I sawJessie walking quickly toward Mrs. Dubose's bed.

　　It was only three forty-five when we got home, so Jem and I drop-kicked in the backyard until it was time to meet Atticus. Atticus had two yellow pencils for me and afootball magazine for Jem, which I suppose was a silent reward for our first day'ssession with Mrs. Dubose. Jem told him what happened.

　　"Did she frighten you?" asked Atticus.

　　"No sir," said Jem, "but she's so nasty. She has fits or somethin'. She spits a lot."

　　"She can't help that. When people are sick they don't look nice sometimes."

　　"She scared me," I said.

　　Atticus looked at me over his glasses. "You don't have to go with Jem, you know."

　　The next afternoon at Mrs. Dubose's was the same as the first, and so was the next,until gradually a pattern emerged: everything would begin normally—that is, Mrs.

　　Dubose would hound Jem for a while on her favorite subjects, her camellias and ourfather's nigger-loving propensities; she would grow increasingly silent, then go awayfrom us. The alarm clock would ring, Jessie would shoo us out, and the rest of the daywas ours.

　　"Atticus," I said one evening, "what exactly is a nigger-lover?"

　　Atticus's face was grave. "Has somebody been calling you that?"

　　"No sir, Mrs. Dubose calls you that. She warms up every afternoon calling you that.

　　Francis called me that last Christmas, that's where I first heard it."

　　"Is that the reason you jumped on him?" asked Atticus.

　　"Yes sir…"

　　"Then why are you asking me what it means?"

　　I tried to explain to Atticus that it wasn't so much what Francis said that had infuriatedme as the way he had said it. "It was like he'd said snot-nose or somethin'."

　　"Scout," said Atticus, "nigger-lover is just one of those terms that don't meananything—like snot-nose. It's hard to explain—ignorant, trashy people use it when theythink somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves. It's slipped into usagewith some people like ourselves, when they want a common, ugly term to labelsomebody."

　　"You aren't really a nigger-lover, then, are you?"

　　"I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody… I'm hard put, sometimes—baby, it'snever an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you howpoor that person is, it doesn't hurt you. So don't let Mrs. Dubose get you down. She hasenough troubles of her own."

　　One afternoon a month later Jem was ploughing his way through Sir Walter Scout, asJem called him, and Mrs. Dubose was correcting him at every turn, when there was aknock on the door. "Come in!" she screamed.

　　Atticus came in. He went to the bed and took Mrs. Dubose's hand. "I was coming fromthe office and didn't see the children," he said. "I thought they might still be here."

　　Mrs. Dubose smiled at him. For the life of me I could not figure out how she couldbring herself to speak to him when she seemed to hate him so. "Do you know what timeit is, Atticus?" she said. "Exactly fourteen minutes past five. The alarm clock's set forfive-thirty. I want you to know that."

　　It suddenly came to me that each day we had been staying a little longer at Mrs.

　　Dubose's, that the alarm clock went off a few minutes later every day, and that she waswell into one of her fits by the time it sounded. Today she had antagonized Jem fornearly two hours with no intention of having a fit, and I felt hopelessly trapped. Thealarm clock was the signal for our release; if one day it did not ring, what would we do?

　　"I have a feeling that Jem's reading days are numbered," said Atticus.

　　"Only a week longer, I think," she said, "just to make sure…"

　　Jem rose. "But—"

　　Atticus put out his hand and Jem was silent. On the way home, Jem said he had to doit just for a month and the month was up and it wasn't fair.

　　"Just one more week, son," said Atticus.

　　"No," said Jem. "Yes," said Atticus.

　　The following week found us back at Mrs. Dubose's. The alarm clock had ceasedsounding, but Mrs. Dubose would release us with, "That'll do," so late in the afternoonAtticus would be home reading the paper when we returned. Although her fits hadpassed off, she was in every other way her old self: when Sir Walter Scott becameinvolved in lengthy descriptions of moats and castles, Mrs. Dubose would become boredand pick on us:

　　"Jeremy Finch, I told you you'd live to regret tearing up my camellias. You regret itnow, don't you?"

　　Jem would say he certainly did.

　　"Thought you could kill my Snow-on-the-Mountain, did you? Well, Jessie says thetop's growing back out. Next time you'll know how to do it right, won't you? You'll pull itup by the roots, won't you?"

　　Jem would say he certainly would.

　　"Don't you mutter at me, boy! You hold up your head and say yes ma'am. Don't guessyou feel like holding it up, though, with your father what he is."

　　Jem's chin would come up, and he would gaze at Mrs. Dubose with a face devoid ofresentment. Through the weeks he had cultivated an expression of polite and detachedinterest, which he would present to her in answer to her most blood-curdling inventions.

　　At last the day came. When Mrs. Dubose said, "That'll do," one afternoon, she added,"And that's all. Good-day to you."

　　It was over. We bounded down the sidewalk on a spree of sheer relief, leaping andhowling.

　　That spring was a good one: the days grew longer and gave us more playing time.

　　Jem's mind was occupied mostly with the vital statistics of every college football playerin the nation. Every night Atticus would read us the sports pages of the newspapers.

　　Alabama might go to the Rose Bowl again this year, judging from its prospects, not oneof whose names we could pronounce. Atticus was in the middle of Windy Seaton'scolumn one evening when the telephone rang.

　　He answered it, then went to the hat rack in the hall. "I'm going down to Mrs. Dubose'sfor a while," he said. "I won't be long."

　　But Atticus stayed away until long past my bedtime. When he returned he wascarrying a candy box. Atticus sat down in the livingroom and put the box on the floorbeside his chair.

　　"What'd she want?" asked Jem.

　　We had not seen Mrs. Dubose for over a month. She was never on the porch anymore when we passed.

　　"She's dead, son," said Atticus. "She died a few minutes ago."

　　"Oh," said Jem. "Well."

　　"Well is right," said Atticus. "She's not suffering any more. She was sick for a longtime. Son, didn't you know what her fits were?"

　　Jem shook his head.

　　"Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict," said Atticus. "She took it as a pain-killer foryears. The doctor put her on it. She'd have spent the rest of her life on it and diedwithout so much agony, but she was too contrary—"

　　"Sir?" said Jem.

　　Atticus said, "Just before your escapade she called me to make her will. Dr. Reynoldstold her she had only a few months left. Her business affairs were in perfect order butshe said, 'There's still one thing out of order.'"

　　"What was that?" Jem was perplexed.

　　"She said she was going to leave this world beholden to nothing and nobody. Jem,when you're sick as she was, it's all right to take anything to make it easier, but it wasn'tall right for her. She said she meant to break herself of it before she died, and that'swhat she did."

　　Jem said, "You mean that's what her fits were?"

　　"Yes, that's what they were. Most of the time you were reading to her I doubt if sheheard a word you said. Her whole mind and body were concentrated on that alarmclock. If you hadn't fallen into her hands, I'd have made you go read to her anyway. Itmay have been some distraction. There was another reason—"

　　"Did she die free?" asked Jem.

　　"As the mountain air," said Atticus. "She was conscious to the last, almost.

　　Conscious," he smiled, "and cantankerous. She still disapproved heartily of my doings,and said I'd probably spend the rest of my life bailing you out of jail. She had Jessie fixyou this box—"

　　Atticus reached down and picked up the candy box. He handed it to Jem.

　　Jem opened the box. Inside, surrounded by wads of damp cotton, was a white, waxy,perfect camellia. It was a Snow-on-the-Mountain.

　　Jem's eyes nearly popped out of his head. "Old hell-devil, old hell-devil!" he screamed,flinging it down. "Why can't she leave me alone?"

　　In a flash Atticus was up and standing over him. Jem buried his face in Atticus's shirtfront. "Sh-h," he said. "I think that was her way of telling you—everything's all right now,Jem, everything's all right. You know, she was a great lady."

　　"A lady?" Jem raised his head. His face was scarlet. "After all those things she saidabout you, a lady?"

　　"She was. She had her own views about things, a lot different from mine, maybe…son, I told you that if you hadn't lost your head I'd have made you go read to her. Iwanted you to see something about her—I wanted you to see what real courage is,instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when youknow you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through nomatter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Mrs. Dubose won, all ninety-eightpounds of her. According to her views, she died beholden to nothing and nobody. Shewas the bravest person I ever knew."

　　Jem picked up the candy box and threw it in the fire. He picked up the camellia, andwhen I went off to bed I saw him fingering the wide petals. Atticus was reading the paper.