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EVOLUTIONOFMANAGEMENT

Early Management (3000BC-1776)

Management has been in practice a longtime ago even before people learnt to read and write.

Organized endeavors directed by people responsible for planning,organizing,leading,and

controlling activities have existed for thousands of years.An example,The Egyptian pyramids and

the Great Wall of China are proof that projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands

of people,were completed in ancient times.It took more than 100,000 workers some 20 years to

construct a single pyramid.Who told each worker what to do?Who ensured there would be enough

stone sat the site to keep workers busy?The answer is managers.Some one had to plan what was

to be done,organize people and materials to do it,make sure those workers got the work done,and

impose some controls to ensure that everything was done as planned.

In 1776,Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations,in which heargued the economic

advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job

specialization)—that is,breakingdown jobs into narrow and repetitive asks.Using the pin

industry as an example,Smith claimed that 10 individuals,each doing aspecialized task,could

produce about 48,000 pins a day among them.However,if each person worked alone performing

each ask separately,it would be quite an accomplishment to produce even 10 pins aday! Smith

concluded that division of labor increased productivity by increasing each worker's skill and

dexterity ,saving time lost in changing tasks and creating labor-saving inventions and machinery.

Job specialization continues to be popular.For example,think of the specialized tasks performed

by members of a hospital surgery team,me al preparation tasks done by workers in restaurant

kitchens,or positions played by players on a football team.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power,a

point in history known as the industrial revolution,it became more economical to manufacture

goods in factories rather than a thome.These large,efficient factories needed someone to forecast

demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products,assign tasks to people, direct

daily activities,and so forth.That "someone" was a manager.These managers would need formal