Nouns
*Category : _English 🎓_*
*Noun*
"A word, which gives name to a person, place, thing or idea is called noun".
*Types of Noun*
1) Common noun
2) Proper Noun
3) Abstract Noun
4) Collective Noun
5) Material Noun
6) Diminutive Noun
7) Mass Noun
8) Countable Noun
9) Uncountable Noun
10) Concrete Noun
11) Non Concrete Noun
12)Gerund Noun
*PARTS OF SPEECH*
In language, all the words are divided into some categories on the basis of their functions. These categories are called parts of speech.
There are eight parts of speech .
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Conjunction
7. Preposition
8. Interjection
*NOUN*
Definition,
"A word, which gives name to a person, place, thing or idea is called noun".
It's also called as naming word.
*Examples*
The sun shines bright
Ali is sleeping.
*PRONOUN*
Definition,
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
*as*
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left those.
*ADJECTIVE*
Definition,
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
*as*
He is a brave boy.
There are twenty boys in this class.
*VERB*
Definition,
A Verb is a word used to express an action.
*as*
Kolkata is a big city .
Iron & copper are useful metals.
*ADVERB*
Definition,
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or an other adverb.
*as*
This flower is very beautiful.
She pronounced the word quite correctly.
*PREPOSITION*
Definition,
A Preposition is a word used with a noun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else;
*as*
There is a cow in the garden.
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under the tree.
*CONJUNCTION*
Definition,
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences;
*as*
Ali and Aslam are cousins.
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.
*INTERJECTION*
Definition,
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings;
*as*
Hurrah ! we won the game.
Alas ! she is dead.
*4)Relative Pronoun*
Definition,
The Pronouns that relate to some noun going before and as well as do the work of Conjunction .
Examples,
Whose, Whom , Who , That , Which .
Uses of *Who & Whom*
Definition,
As general rule, both are used for *persons* only though they may be masculine or feminine, singular or plural.
Examples,
1) This is the boy *who* broke my pen .
2) God help those *who* help themselves .etc .
3) This is the girl *whom* I saw doing her home work .
4) These are the kids *whom* you saved from drowning. etc.
Uses of *Which*
Definition,
It is used for *lifeless things*, *birds*, and for *animals*.
as,
1) The pens *which* are broken, are on the table.
2) The book *which* is new is very dear .
3) The hen *which* is black lays one egg every day .etc .
Uses of *That & Whose*
Definition,
Both are used for *persons* , *animals* *birds* & also *lifeless things*.
as ,
1) The man *that* stood there was a robber.
2) I lost the watch *that* you gave me .
3) The dogs *that* were killed were mad .
4) This is the boy *whose* father is ill .
5) The dog *whose* tail is long is mine.
6) The bicycle *whose* colour is black has no lock .
*5)Indefinite Pronoun*
Definition ,
The Pronouns that refer to person or persons thing or things in a common or general way and don't refer in particular way .
Examples,
1) Somebody has stolen her heart.
2) Some are good and some are bad.
3) Some are born great .
4) Many people died due to Corona Virus.
*6.DIMINUTIVE NOUN*
Definition ;
"The Nouns that denote smallness, contempt or affection are called DIMINUTIVE NOUNS "
ex ;
Nestling Fatling Nursling Seedling Weakling Youngling Yearling Ducling Armlet Booklet Eaglet Leaflet Owlet Eyelet Ringlet Outlet Rootlet etc .
*7.MASS NOUN*
Definition ;
"These nouns can not be counted by themselves because, they always are treated as a group, volume, mass or quantity".
LIQUIDS
Water ,oil ,gasoline ,etc .
MATERIALS
Coal, steel ,wood etc .
FOOD
Bread ,fruit, butter ,apple etc .
IDEAS
Love ,advice, knowledge & so on .
*8. COUNTABLE NOUN*
or
*COUNTABLES*
&
*9. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN*
or
*NON COUNTABLE*
or
*UNCOUNTABLES*
8) COUNTABLES
Definition
"Cuontables are the names of objects, people, etc that we can count".
e.g,
Book ,Pen ,Apple, Boy ,Sister ,Doctor ,Horse, etc.
9) UNCOUNTABLES
Definition
uncountables are the names of things which we can't count.
Examples
Milk ,oil ,suger, gold ,silver ,honesty, etc .
NOTE
countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not.
For illustration,
we say books but we can't say milks.
*10.CONCRETE NOUN*
&
*11.NON CONCRETE NOUN*
10. CONCRETE NOUN
Definition
"A noun which names a physical object that can see and touch by the sense".
e.g.
Table, chair, boy, cat, milk, pen, knife, fruit, etc .
*11. NON CONCRETE NOUN*
A noun which doesn't name a physical object but simply stand for concept or an idea is known as NON CONCRETE NOUN
e.g.
Pain ,ache etc.
*CHAPTER NO:2*
*2. THE PRONOUN*
Definition,
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ( Pronoun means for -a - noun. )
Examples,
1) Najma is a girl. *Her* mother sees *her* doing homework.
2) *She* has *her* book in *her* hand.
For illustration ,
I , we ,you ,He, She , It, They, Those ,Ye ,Thy, Thou ,Who ,Which, That, What ,Whose ,and so on .
*Kinds of Pronoun*
1) Personal Pronoun
2) Demonstrative Pronoun
3) Interrogative Pronoun
4) Indefinite Pronoun
5) Relative Pronoun
6) Compound Relative Pronoun
7) Distributive Pronoun
8) Reflexive Pronoun
9) Emphatic Pronoun
10) Reciprocal Pronoun
11) Generic Pronoun
1. *Common noun*️
"A noun, which names some common/general thing, person or place".
*Examples*️
1. The boy was beaten.
*Boy* can be any boy, i.e Ali, Fahad, Saleem, etc. So here, boy is a common noun.
2. I live in city.
*city* can be any city i.e Karachi, Peshawar ,
hospital, park ,book , tree ,game ,car , etc .
2. *Proper noun*️
" A noun, which names a specific person, place or thing".
*Examples*️
1. Shazia went to college.
*Shazia* is a proper noun because it names a specific person.
2. Karachi is a big city.
*Karachi* is a proper noun .
Ali, Fahad, Hassan, Wajid,
Janah Hospital, Wren & Martin book, etc .
*NOTE*
Proper nouns always written in Capital letter.
*Adjective of number*
OR
*Numeral Adjective*
Definition,
"Adjectives of number show how many persons or things meant or in what order a person or thing stands";
as ;
Few cats
Many things
All men
First day
five fingers
Several mistakes
Some apples
Most boys etc.
*Further there are three types of Numeral Adjective*
as ,
1) *Definite Numeral Adjective*
2) *Indefinite Numeral Adjective*
3) *Distributive Numeral Adjective*
*1) Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Definite Numeral Adjectives show an exact number" .
as ,
One ,two ,three ,four, five,--------------
First ,second, third ,fourth, fifth, ------------
*Definite Numeral Adjective has also two types* ;
1) Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjective
2) Ordinal DefiniteNumeral Adjective
*1) Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
" Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjectives are used in counting things".
as ,
One, two, three, four ,five, six ,seven ,eight ,nine, ten, eleven, -----------------
*2) Ordinal Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Ordinal Definite Numeral Adjectives are used to show the order of things in series".
As,
First ,second, third ,fourth, fifth, sixth, eleventh ,eighth, nineth, tenth ,eleventh, -------------
*2) Indefinite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
" Indefinite Numeral Adjectives do not show an axact number of things".
as ,
Few money
Several mistakes
Many students
Some tea
Much milk
More money
etc.
*3) Distributive Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Distributive Numeral Adjectives are those which refer to each one of a number or group",
as,
Each boy must do his home work
Every man should do his duty.
Either pen will write
Neither man is honest .
*6) Compound Relative Pronoun*
Definition ,☆
The Pronouns formed by adding ever, so or soever to wko, which and what are called Compound Relative Pronoun;
as ,☆
Who ever ,who so ,whosoever, whichever, whichsoever ,whatever,
whatsoever.
1) Whosoever (i.e any person ) comes first is welcome.
2) whoso dig a pit will fall there in .
3) Take whichever you like.
4) Whatever he does he does right. etcetera .☆
*7) Reflexive Pronoun*
Definition,
"Reflexive Pronouns are used to point out to some noun or pronoun going before".
as
Myself, ourselves; yourself ,yourselves, himself ,herself itself, themselves.
*Emphatic Reflexive Pronoun*
Definition
"Reflexive Pronouns are used with pronouns to make them stronger
or more emphatic and also express that the person or thing has done an action himself or itself".
*Different between*
*Reflexive Pronoun*
&
*Emphatic Reflexive Pronoun*
*i) Reflexive Pronouns*
Examples ,
I killed myself.
I can not do it myself.
He told me story himself.
She will do her home works herself. and so on .
*ii) Emphatic Reflexive Pronouns*
Examples
I myself killed.
I myself can not do it.
He himself told me story .
She herself will do her home works.
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