A fire inside me (April-June, 1901
Army and the New Europe]
"In my opinion, our worst fears have come true. Germany has absorbed Austria, Bohemia, parts of Italy, the Netherlands, Flanders and Dutch colonies. The German position in Central Europe is a threat to Slavdom throughout Europe." War Minister Mikhail Skobelev, argues. "Many pan-Slavs argue that the Czechs will not resist future policies of Germanization." The general adds.
"The KGB has established three propaganda lines, two in the Congress of Poland and one in Slovakia, bordering on Germany. One is socialist directed to the German workers, one is Austrian-Bavarian nationalist, and another is pan-Slavic directed at the Czechs. " Tsar Alexander III reports once again between his meetings with Skobelev, the high command should always be informed.
"That's a start. Do we plan to expand these secret propaganda lines?" Skobelev questions.
"The KGB raises the possibility of tripling these lines of clandestine propaganda in the following years, we still have to wait for more information and results. The common man is disloyal to the Prussian authorities for the moment." Tsar Alexander III insists.
The Alexandrian political elite for decades had serious principles of neutrality, a product of equidistant policies.
There were no allies of Russia among the great powers, the enemies were very traditional enemies of Russia (the Ottoman Empire) or imperialist opportunism (Austria-Hungary for example) but it was not sought to actively and explicitly antagonize other European powers.
Yes, there were allies among minor partners but this made Russia to be in a dominant position in exchange for being the main military asset (and therefore, the allies did not have as much military value outside the control of strategic points).
This policy had allowed Russia to benefit enormously, since they did not play the same game as the rest of Europe. Russia (although threatened at times) managed to develop its economy and army, in addition to selling to warring factions.
In the beginning, a great success (it was won without having to play the costs of the game, not only money but even territory and political objectives, such as Katanga or the recognition of Russian conquests), but it also meant that Russia had been isolated in a certain sense.
The problem was that the Fashoda war (including other elements such as the socialist revolutions in Europe, etc.) represented a serious change in the material conditions of Europe, compared to previous times.
Each country had achieved growth, whether in Europe or at the colonial level, but what was important was the destruction of the old system of alliances and the new foreign and national policies.
Germany had continued to rise enormously, France was once again going through an era of political uncertainty but would remain a major player, and the UK lost its role as the leading power but remained a major economic player and naval power.
Europe in essence was an empty throne and a huge powder keg, where Russia was now alone leading its own bloc (sphere of influence) but at the mercy of possible 'new' still strong enemies.
While for example members of the diplomatic service (such as Count Alexander Petrovich Izvolsky) could believe in a re-rapprochement of Russia and the British Empire to avoid a war, members of the armed forces (especially the army) believed more in a future war against Germany or the United Kingdom. Or Both.
Russians in generations (since the Crimean War in particular) did not have particularly good feelings for the British, Russians supported the Boers during the Fashoda war, they thought of British opposition to Russian targets (the British-Ottoman relationship) and had strong feelings against British prime ministers (such as Benjamin Disraeli, in his younger years , Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov had a dream of going to London to kill the British Prime Minister, just to give an example of Russia's anti-British sentiments).
Anti-German sentiment also existed and to some extent was growing, with its roots in past situations, but the most important point was the pan-Slavists and other nationalist militants. Many in other Slavic countries (such as Russia) believed that the Czechs were in serious danger, and that future Germanization measures by the German government would be successful against their Slavic brothers and sisters.
Then there was also the fear that once Britain and Germany had competed everywhere in Europe (Scandinavia, Western Europe, the Mediterranean and Italy) they would look and cause trouble in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, a zone of Russian influence.
There was also another situation, the possibility of a Re-Approach between the United Kingdom and Germany, an economic-military coalition that posed a serious problem for Russia.
The talks between Baron Hermann von Eckardstein (German chargé d'affaires for Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow) and Lord Lansdowne (Foreign Secretary under Prime Minister Louis Alexander Mountbatten and King Victor of the United Kingdom) were unknown, but mainly due to how recent they were.
However, it was an "expected" situation because of the Russian fear of foreign invasions (which strongly guided Russian foreign policy) and the thinking of the Ministry of War at that time.
Germany had a huge land border with Russia, and the British Empire had not only naval power, but territories surrounding Russia.
But perhaps the main proponent of such fear before Germany-United Kingdom, was the minister of war, Mikhail Skobelev. Product of his theories of the future confrontation between the Slavic World and the Germanic World.
For years Skobelev proposed that Germany was the great enemy of Russia, and had a strong resentment against the United Kingdom since the Russo-Turkish war of 1876 (since in Skovelev's opinion, and it was true to some extent, the British threat prevented the Russian Empire wiped out the Ottoman Empire at that time).
So now Russia had to respond to Germany's hegemonic claims in Europe and a possible new focus of anti-Russian containment in the UK (after all, that was the British advance in Tibet).
And now Tsar Alexander III relied more on these ideas, it was a confusing time after all, and it was better to be cautious when a lot of information was unknown.
Some believed that the Anglo-German re-rapprochement would not happen and others believed that it would, others proposed the need for a Franco-Russian alliance (and for obvious reasons others insisted that it would not), preventive measures or maintain equidistant politics, spy networks or official support for Czech movements, etc.
"I insist that it seems to me that we have made mistakes in our foreign policy. Perhaps we let Germany grow too much. What happens if we cannot fight this new great Germany or a European coalition is formed against us?" The Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich exclaims.
"... We have a lot of territory and a lot of resources, a lot of people, a lot of ideas. That is why I am very confident of our results." Tsar Alexander III argues.
"What do you mean? What if one day you lose and things don't turn out as you planned?" Nicholas insists.
"I am someone very simple, if things turn out the way I want or not, life goes on. And we can adapt to that, not even the capture of Moscow would be our end. Not in these times without nuclear technology at least." Tsar Alexander III explains simply. "Even if I die, I have you Nicholas, I trust your abilities to be an even better ruler than me, and to avenge any of my failures."
Nicholas then was silent.
*******
Meanwhile, Bernhard von Bülow was answering questions from Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice (5th Marquess of Lansdowne and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) for the possibility of an Anglo-German alliance.
At the moment the alliance had to be secret (and therefore limited in what other potential allies could enter), because after Fashoda it would be difficult to sell an alliance in such a short time.
Especially when the Germans and British were on opposite sides.
Of course there were other problems to attend to rather than signing secret agreements, German interests in British-controlled Sweden and both parties seeing each other as the main leader of the alliance and the other as the junior partner.
Similar to the old alliance between France and the United Kingdom.
*******
[Obukhov plant strike]
The end of the Fashoda war, its consequences and the associated economic problems had their impacts on Russia, the export of military products (weapons, bullets, etc.) and port jobs decreased due to the end of the war, quarantine measures due to the rampant epidemic diseases, damage to certain industries, and contraction of international trade outside the Russian sphere of influence, among other reasons.
This meant that Russia had to abandon its previous strategies during Fashoda to other new strategies, to keep the state of the Russian economy safe. Fortunately the Russian economy was diversified enough and the Russian state was strong enough to do so.
Mainly through public projects, where the unemployed workforce helped to build mainly infrastructure projects in various parts of Russia or in the Russian sphere (for example the Trans-Balkan railway).
However, when moving from one model to another (from a freer trade to a more controlled model focused on Russia plus its sphere), there were still problems, such as the decline of some factories and the deterioration of good working conditions, people which still lacked work or could not move with public developments, etc.
It was not the end of the Russian economy or the end of the social order, but there were blows that affected some more than others, and obviously not everyone was happy.
That is why since April 1, workers at the Obukhov / Obukhovsky plant (plant in St. Petersburg dedicated to military and steel production), the Alexandrovsky plant (machine building) and the Imperial Card Factory planned a strike, which took place on May 20. Product of the deterioration of working conditions, problems of lack of work, problems with the leadership of the company, etc.
The strike was led by Anatoly Ivanovich Gavrilov, N. N. Yunikov, A. I. Ermakov, Alexander Vasilyevich Shotman, K. I. Ivanov, S. V. Malyshev and A. A. Mann.
Among other requests was also the recognition of May 1 as a national holiday in the Russian Empire.
The main problem came due to the absence of the head of the Obukhovsky plant (since 1894) and Major General Gennady Aleksandrovich Vlasiev, due to vacations, leaving Lieutenant Colonel Ivanov as acting head of the plant.
Ivanov responded energetically against the strikes with uncompromising methods against the strikers (with mostly anti-rightist views), firing 70 strike instigators.
Faced with these methods, they intervened in support of members of the Obukhovsky factory, representatives of the Semyannikovsky and Alexandrovsky factories, but then the strikers barricaded themselves in the Imperial Card Factory and Ivanov resorted to violence.
The strikers defended themselves with stones, sticks and boiling water with the support of some officers against Ivanov's whips, rifle butts and Shashka (sabers), other foremen and some police officers (trying to stop the altercation led some policemen to the unexpected conflict ).
Currently the confrontation had several assaults, until G.A. Vlasyev, one of the plant bosses with current authority over the workers, was called in and intervened to begin defusing the situation.
The strikers called for the removal of Ivanov and several foremen, courteous treatment, correct prices, a reduction in fines, a report on capital punishment (according to the laws of the time, it addressed the needs of the workers themselves, loans and other payments), the restitution of all those dismissed by Ivanov, etc.
Vlasyev added a clause for workers' insurance.
Most of the requests (with the exception of the May 1 request and other minor ones) were fulfilled by the authorities, but the event obviously brought up certain public relations problems within the Russian Empire, more specifically in Saint Petersburg.
It was a problem for the authorities and society, a sanctioned strike that confronted the workers (along with the labor reforms) and the capitalist companies, with relations with the government (the Obukhovsky plant was run by some military personnel such as Major General Gennady Aleksandrovich Vlasiev or Lieutenant Colonel Ivanov, placing orders for the government before and during Fashoda).
There was also an issue about justice, Vlasiev could not be brought to trial (he was on vacation), but Ivanov's actions had led to injuries and some deaths (some officers and strikers).
Others insisted not only on bringing Ivanov and associates to justice, but also strikers for violence against officers, and "subversive activities" against the tsarist establishment (the leftist tendencies of the Obukhovsky plant strike).
The trial of Lieutenant Colonel Ivanov would come some time later.
*******
[International]
April 1, slavery (buying and selling of slaves, existence and trade of concubines, etc.) restarts in the north-central part of Greater Nigeria (Niger and Nigeria, now French territories) in the absence of implementation of anti-slavery laws between the natives of the large post-Fashoda depopulated areas.
30,000 Scottish ironworkers quit their job and go on strike demanding an 8-hour workday, the British government sends troops to end the strike.
The popularity of the London government in Scotland is still not the best (a product of the Anglo-Saxon nationalism of the prime minister, many members of parliament and the king).
Baltimore, Ms. Elizabeth Moore is arrested for attending a boxing match to see Joe Gans. The reason is that it is socially taboo for women to attend boxing matches (where male audiences attend), but authorities maintain that it is actually because Ms. Moore disguised herself as a man to attend, which is against the law.
Mr. Moore released his wife from prison on a $ 105 bond, plus a $ 20 fine.
April 2, the Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship is created, a charitable society to provide support to the citizens of the British Commonwealth.
The (original) vision of the organization is: "Patriotism, belief in racial hierarchy, respect for the monarchy, Christianity and the military, and admiration for past and present British heroes who exemplified those values."
The housing crisis continues in Germany with more than 42,000 homeless people on the streets of Berlin.
April 3, with the restoration of the Kingdom of Denmark, a voting reform begins, now a secret ballot is carried out. Conservatives lose the Danish government in popular elections to more reformist proposals.
They also initiate discussions with the Faroe Islands about the situation between the two countries (whether or not the Faroe Islands return to the kingdom).
Many support the yes option, but a group almost equal in size now think that it is risky in the event of a future conflict against other European powers (the Danes could escape to the islands in the future if it remains independent in case Germany or the United Kingdom try to dominate Jutland).
April 8, 110 deaths from epidemic diseases in New Zealand.
Bubonic plague outbreak in San Francisco, United States. President William McKinley and Surgeon General Dr. Walter Wyman initiate federal aid to eliminate the outbreak, but amid anti-Asian American sentiment, a clean-up operation of San Francisco's Chinatown is launched by the San Francisco Board of Health. the city.
The problem is that the plan of the Board of Health involved the destruction of the original Chinatown (burning of private property) and the relocation of all Chinese residents of the city on Angel Island, in detention camps.
April 9, the German government of Kaiser Wilhelm II begins to establish bases for the German navy in the new Suriname Aleman (possession taken from the Dutch) but the German government also asks the Mexican government for the possibility of establishing a German base in Mexico ( possibly in Yukatan or northern Mexico).
This would allow rapid German reactions in the Caribbean and send support to the German Suriname, with 5000 tons of coal being able to be sent to or from Mexico through said base.
The Mexican government takes steps to discuss this proposal, but obviously from the beginning the US government is opposed.
April 10, the president of Venezuela, Cipriano Castro, is re-elected through elections.
On the same day Castro signs a variety of international agreements to get closer to his neighbor, Colombia (at politics, economy and armed forces), and his main European benefactor, Germany (at military and economic level).
This is because Castro is interested in continuing his ambitions for a new Greater Colombia led by the liberals and improving the economic situation of the country while remaining independent from the Anglo-Saxons. Similar to the Mexican situation, the Germans also seek a greater official presence in Venezuela.
Rapid German expansionism in the Caribbean areas is of particular concern to the reactionary-imperialist parties in the United States.
April 11, the rebel Martín Teófilo Delgado surrenders to Japanese forces in exchange for being appointed governor of one of the new Firipin prefectures.
The Philippine government of Antonio Luna lists Teofilo as a traitor and the Japanese as an example of possible Japanese-Philippine cooperation (of course as long as the Japanese are at the top and the Philippines is a colony).
April 12, the Conversazione is held, an event of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) that demonstrates various electrical appliances or improved models of old appliances, with 32 experiments presented for 400 guests.
Among them are Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, etc.
April 13, in Maranhão, the Empire of Brazil, starts a new revolt in Alto Alegre do Maranhão by the Guajajara Native Americans (Guajajaras, also known as Tenetearas).
This is due to the insistence of the missionaries of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in trying to dismantle the Guajajara villages and take the children of these people to the mission in Alto Alegre do Maranhão.
João Caboré, known as Kawiré Iman, leads the Guajajara against the mission massacring the friars, which ignites major reactionary movements in the politics of the Empire of Brazil (in poor economic, social and political state).
"The Alto Alegre rebellion" leads to the death of hundreds of people, both Brazilian natives and citizens.
April 14, Cen Chunxuan (Chinese civil servant with British education) becomes governor of Shanxi, beginning to implement important reforms.
On the same day, in the Qing dynasty, Beijing initiates a treaty with Japan for the formation of a police academy in the Chinese city.
1500 protesters across southern Germany are arrested, causing protests in various parts of the German Empire.
The state of South Carolina declared that it would stop paying federal tax on alcoholic beverages. The state government's argument was that, as the only licensed wholesaler and retailer of alcoholic beverages in the state, the exercise of its sovereign power rendered it immune from regulation by the United States.
The federal government sues the South Carolina state government, eventually with the United States Supreme Court rejecting South Carolina's argument in 1905.
April 17, the writer Theodore Roosevelt argues in one of his writings that the vice president's position should be abolished.
Obviously even though Theodore Roosevelt left active politics, he still has certain opinions.
April 18, the Carolina parakeet is extinct in Carolina.
It won't be official until decades later, but the latest sightings of live, wild Carolina parakeets do occur. The only living specimens exist in captivity in Russia.
The Beijing Palace of Empress Dowager Cixi burned down, the palace was being occupied by German troops.
During the fire, Count Alfred von Waldersee (the German commander) escapes through a window, while his chief of staff, Major General Julius von Schwartzkopf, returns to the burning building to rescue his dog.
Julius von Schwartzkopf narrowly survived.
(OOC: OTL he and the dog died).
American deaths from the Fashoda plagues number more than 40,000, there are also about 19 new deaths from the Hippo Wars.
In the Portuguese Socialist Republic (part of Hispania) some nationalizations of ex-church properties are carried out, mostly of those members of the church who left (or died) during the revolution and civil war.
April 21, Chilean senator Aníbal Zañartu becomes interior minister and forms a new government. During this time in Chile the office of interior minister was more similar to a prime minister within a parliamentary republic.
April 22, an important edict is produced in the Qing dynasty, the Privy Council was abolished and the "General Board of State Affairs" was established, composed of three Manchu members and three Chinese.
Yikuang (Prince Qing) was president, and the other members were Li Hongzhang, Yung Lu, Kun Kang, Wang Wen Shao and Lu Chuan Lin (also the viceroys Li Kun Yih and Zhang Zhidong were made assistant members).
2,000 deaths in Alsace-Lorraine / Elsaß-Lothringen, Germany from epidemics of Fashoda.
April 23, new 30 deaths of German citizens from post-Fashoda plagues.
July 25, at 4:00 pm there is a fire and explosion in a chemical factory in Griesheim, Germany, which causes the death of 150 people and 250 injuries.
April 28, Algeria is officially integrated as one more administrative unit in the Second French Empire. So metropolitan France (European France) and Algeria are the same country (while other parts of Africa are colonies under colonial administration).
Of course Algeria is also a colony, but it is a colony under the direct rule of Paris.
This is better for white settlers than natives.
April 29, President William McKinley begins a trip to the West Coast.
May 1, President William McKinley becomes the first President of the United States to visit the Deep South, the same day the Pan-American Exposition opens.
William McKinley spends the night in Louisiana. The next morning McKinley goes on a hippo hunting trip, which ends in disaster (but McKinley survives).
May 3, great economic recessions begin in the Second French Empire and the United States.
On the one hand, there is the fall of the Paris stock market, a major economic blow for the country of the French and for much of the European-international economy.
On the other hand, a panic occurs in the United States stock market when Edward Henry Harriman of the Union Pacific Railroad tries to take control of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. His broker, Jacob Schiff (of Kuhn, Loeb & Co) buys as much as possible, and by the end of the day Harriman owns more than 370,000 shares of the NP common stock (of 800,000 shares), and 420,000 of the NP preferred stock.
May 4, the German-Mexican treaty is signed, allowing the German Empire to establish a naval base in Mexican territory. Finally the German navy decides to establish it in Yucatan, which although it has difficult terrain (extreme vegetation), is closer to the Tehuantepec channel than northern Mexico.
Jacob Schiff attended the synagogue (because he was a Jew) in the morning, but then an urgent order came from Mr. Harriman for the credit purchase of 40,000 more common shares (to take control of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company) before noon.
Schiff at first thought that it was not necessary to incur more debt, it was a letter from Mr. Heinsheimer and Mr. Harriman for said purchase. Schiff narrowly couldn't buy the shares in time, but he finally did.
This allows Harriman to take over the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, monopolizing the Chicago rail market and causing the New York stock market to crash on May 7, with thousands of small investors bankrupt.
The Senate in France accepts laws to prevent the settlement of foreign Jews in Palestine.
May 5, the Polish-American Leon Czolgosz, turns 28. He is unemployed after the panics of 1893 and the blows to the steel industry put him out of work.
In the same day Czolgosz attends a lecture by Emma Goldman, a Jewish anarchist in Russian Lithuania. This leads Czolgosz towards anarchism, also inspired by the many successful assassinations and socialist revolutions in Europe.
Czolgosz believed that a similar assassination in the United States would start a new American Revolution.
Withdrawal of US forces from Beijing.
Various rebel groups are established in Lahore, Punjab (in the British Raj) of generally nationalistic and socialist tendencies.
April 6, 15,000 British officers die of disease outbreaks in British Africa (practically the southern half of the African continent).
The army remains a weak part of the British Empire, and the death of many loyal Fashoda veterans does not help their plight.
James J. Hill, president of the Northern Pacific Railway tries to buy 156,000 NP common shares when he learns of EH Harriman's attempted takeovers, but despite Hill being backed by JP Morgan, Harriman is ultimately victorious thanks to his 40,000 shares. extras and more purchases.
Harriman finally seizes control of the NP without the antitrust laws being able to do much, and he deals a major blow to the stock market that continues in recession and panic.
May 7, the Russian painter Ilya Repin begins to work on his work Torzhestvennoi Zasedanie Gosudarstvennogo Sovieta 7 Maya 1901 Goda.
May 9, after the events in New York and Paris, there is a drop in prices on the London Stock Exchange, causing a sharp drop in international markets throughout the world (due to panics, low prices and recessions in some of the world's largest economic centers).
Unemployment and epidemics continue to rampant, popular discontent in various parts of the world, fall of agro-export models in Latin America, damage to industries such as steel and iron, etc.
On May 10, there is no resurgence on the Wall Street or London stock exchanges.
Diverse houses of the stock exchanges close their doors, businesses close and diverse investors go to the ruin. The panic and economic frenzy continues enormously.
On May 13, the Social Aristocrat, Winston Churchill, made a speech against the expansion of the budget and size of the army.
Churchill's motives are as follows: "Has the wealth of the country doubled? Has the population doubled? Have the armies of Europe doubled? Is there no poverty at home? Has the English Channel dried up and we are no longer an island? "
"In former years, when wars arose from individual causes ... when they were fought by small regular armies of professional soldiers, and when their course was retarded by the difficulties of communication and supply, and often suspended by the winter season, it was possible to limit the liabilities of the combatants. But now, when mighty populations are impelled on each other, each individual severally embittered and inflamed, when the resources of science and civilization sweep away everything that might mitigate their fury, a European war can only end in the ruin of the vanquished and the scarcely less fatal commercial dislocation and exhaustion of the conquerors. "
May 14, oil is discovered in Mexico, initiating the Mexican oil industry as it is known today.
Unfortunately with the world economic problems, at first it was not possible to extract much Mexican oil to sell.
May 15, 17 deaths of US citizens in the Hippo Wars, 215 deaths from epidemic diseases.
May 17, Theodor Herzl, president of the Zionist Organization, is denied an audience in the French Senate and with Emperor Napoleon IV.
As a result, Jews cannot appeal to anyone against the French decision to prevent foreign Jewish settlement in Palestine, collaboration with Arabs and French anti-Semitism also prevent many French Jews from moving to Palestine.
Dreams of a Jewish homeland seem increasingly distant.
May 18, William McKinley arrives in San Francisco. Unfortunately not to see the Chinese national detention camps (with many human rights violations), but to see the new American battleship USS Ohio.
42 US citizens are killed in the Hippo Wars while hippos have no problem spreading south (mainly Louisiana and Florida).
May 20, 40 German protesters are killed and 150 injured by military action against strikers.
May 21, begins the construction of the New Palace (Nuovo Palazzo) by order of King Victor Emmanuel III, as a new seat of the Italian government in Tunisia.
The Italian king almost died during an accident near the construction.
May 22, 500 deaths from epidemic diseases in the British Raj.
May 23, the French colonial administration begins to move more than 60 tons of supplies through the Niger River and the Nile for its troops.
May 24, 81 Scottish strikers (coal miners) are killed by action of British troops against the strike. Some 42 striking miners are injured.
May 25, Norway denies the right to women to vote.
Faced with the global economic crisis (and other problems for the workers), 27 different labor organizations are organized in Buenos Aires, uniting to form the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA, the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation).
31 miners are shot (killed) for their strikes in Germany.
May 26, the Qing dynasty finally reaches a final agreement with the foreign powers that intervened in the Boxer rebellion. However, it is decided that the agreement be ratified in September, where the results of the peace discussions (territorial changes, reparations, concessions, etc.) are announced.
May 27, 21 new deaths from the Hippo Wars.
May 28, Alfred L. Marriott (on behalf of William Knox D'Arcy) secures rights to southern Persian oil for Anglo-Persian Oil company. This entitles the company to sixty years in exchange for £ 40,000 and 16% of the profits for Persia.
The oil rights in northern Persia however belong to Russia.
5000 deaths in the western British Raj due to a small famine, caused by the death of livestock and domestic animals.
May 29, 188 deaths from disease in South Africa (British Empire).
May 30, President William McKinley returns to Washington.
Some Italians in exile propose a plan to rebuild the Italian navy ... but there is not much money for this project, especially when Tunisia and Libya produce few things of value (under the Italian colonial administration) and there is an economic crisis.
June 2, General Katsura Tarō becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Japan. Under the administration of Katsura Tarō (protégé of the former IJA Prime Minister Yamagata Aritomo), due rather to the inaction of Katsura Tarō, many young officers were radicalizing towards the right influenced by the Black Dragon Society.
This is due to the IJA's need to send officers to Firipin (Philippines) to deal with the Philippine guerrillas, a comprehensive war that puts the IJA in competition with the Imperial Japanese Navy (generally more moderate-liberal and pro-Russian ).
June 3, 700 new epidemic deaths in South Africa.
June 4, the United States Department of the Treasury gives orders to prohibit entry to any immigrant with pulmonary tuberculosis.
June 7, the Scottish-American tycoon transferred bonds worth $ 10,000,000 to Scotland to improve universities in the UK region.
June 8, the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov begins his demonstrations on classical conditioning (whose experiment involves the use of dogs).
June 9, the French cavalry officer Charles de Foucauld is ordained as a priest, and begins missionary work in the interior of Morocco and the French Sahara.
June 10, three IJA officers are killed in Luzon by Philippine rebel forces.
June 11, a vote is passed in the UK House of Commons, giving the royal family of King Albert Victor I a grant of £ 470,000 for wages and expenses.
This represents an increase of £ 85,000 in the money received by Victoria and Edward VII.
President William McKinley indicates that he will not pursue a third presidential term.
June 12, 182 deaths from epidemic diseases in Australia.
June 14, the Republic of Sweden under the guidance of the United Kingdom, reform its military conscription system, abolishing the old "allotment system" (in operation since 1683).
Instead the new republican government initiates a more modern military system of compulsory recruitment and universal training.
Of course leading by a conservative government, designed for an increasingly militaristic society.
June 16, Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan became the fourth consecutive female monarch of the Muslim princely state of Bhopal in British India.
June 19, the government of Nicaragua, in Central America, closes its three national universities and accepts the resignation of its directors.
New elections in Switzerland, organizing the composition of the new independent post-Fashoda government. There are not many changes from the government prior to the German invasion.
The German government creates new laws on censorship and copyright (first in the case of copyright laws).
The aim of the censorship laws is to deal with opposition to the government, especially growth in Bavaria, Austria, Bohemia and a few other focal points.
June 24, General Juan Cailles and his 650 men die in combat against Japanese troops.
June 27, the Prime Minister of Nepal, Dev Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana is deposed by a coup by his own brothers, putting Chandra Shumsher as Prime Minister of King Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah.
Dev Shumsher is exiled from Nepal the next day.
*******
[Algeria and the Mediterranean between you and me]
The stock market crash in Paris (and later New York and London) was undoubtedly a severe blow to the severely limited French economy. Factories were rotting, there was high unemployment, and many even anticipated the collapse of important parts of the agricultural sector.
In the midst of all this there were many discussions in the Senate, including new measures by the direct administration of Algeria, as some 400 or more native Berbers were rebelling against the government (and were a danger to the white citizens of Algeria).
In the midst of all this, Emperor Napoleon IV, Pierre Curie (leader of the leftists of the Old Guard) and a coalition of the moderate-liberals of the Senate, had an idea.
Appoint Maurras as governor of Algeria and initiate a pacification operation, leading the most dangerous generals and commanders to Algeria to fight.
This is aimed at preventing the Old Guard right-wingers from threatening the Ouverture, and would allow (in theory) more reforms.
The measures pass and seriously undermine the support and power of the right-wing factions in the Senate (at least immediately after the plan). Although Maurras still has power and influence, he must go to Algeria, weakening his response time to Paris.
This allows to bring a modification of reform plans (before the Franco-Prussian war, civil wars, the regency and Fashoda) for June 29.
* The Senate (Upper House) and the Corps législatif (Lower House) are the only legislative bodies, and establish the position of Prime Minister.
* The Prime Minister must be elected by a majority of the Senate.
* The Prime Minister acts as the head of government, heads the Council of Ministers (cabinet) and is responsible for presiding over the day-to-day work of the government. But the administrative power still belongs (in part) to the emperor.
* The emperor has the power to veto laws, but must exercise his powers (signing decrees, administration, etc.) with the other members of the executive power, the prime minister and the ministers.
This was an important advance in the Ouverture, with the political expansion in the post-Generalissimo Boulanger regime.
Of course, now there was another matter, who would be the Prime Minister. Charles Maurras and Pierre Curie among other members of the government ran for the senatorial vote.
*******
* Charles Maurras, Algiers.
"Those traitors, they do not realize that they will bring the end of the empire. I hope I can make Pierre see the light, before it is too late" Maurras maintains angrily after being informed about the reforms.
Before him were other generals and officers, as well as soldiers (mostly white, with some 'recruited' Africans), the high command were pseudo-exiles.
"What are we going to do?". One of the generals argues.
"... We may have to make drastic decisions, now we are far from Paris, but there must be some way to gain control of the Senate again. Before dangerous elements seize power." Maurras exclaims, proposing in essence a coup.
And the officers and generals were not entirely against such an idea, especially when Pierre Curie proposed drastic reforms from the time of the generalissimo. Socialist economic measures, political pardons, etc.
"And what happened to this one?" Maurras questions before the face of an African soldier, beaten.
"Well sir, we recruited him from a village that we pacified. He is the oldest of 10 brothers." The senior officer (a white man) of the African soldier explains.
"Mmmm ... Soldiers like this are tremendously disloyal, keep him well guarded, in case of treason, eliminate him." Maurras exclaims simply before leaving.
The African soldier was eventually executed under Governor Charles Maurras.
*Pierre Curie.
Sending Maurras to Algeria was a difficult decision, but Pierre actually had little to say in that decision, the coalition was rather led by Emperor Napoleon IV and liberal-moderates (not republicans).
Because Pierre lacked the political intelligence to be so ruthless, he was even opposed to exiling opponents to Algeria, because it would be harmful to the native Africans and it seemed immoral to Pierre to exile people in that way.
However, we had to continue, the Ouverture was on the right track. Some liberals and moderates already believed that Pierre Curie would actually be a problem, because he was still part of the Old Guard of Boulangerism, and popular among the working-middle classes, with dangerous proposals in the opinion of many.
*******
[Socialism]
On June 30 there is an important meeting between Marxist thinkers of the German Empire, mainly it was the discussions regarding the revolutions that occurred in Italy, Spain and Portugal.
What could be learned from this, if the revolution or electoralism were the right thing to do, what mistakes or successes, whether to give unconditional support or openly criticize revolutions, etc.
Two standouts were Rosa Luxemburg and Vladimir Ulyanov.
Rosa Luxemburg mainly advocated not criticizing socialist revolutions elsewhere until the results of those revolutions were given.
Vladimir Ulyanov argued that in reality, unconditional support should be given to the socialist revolutions that occurred, since they had not made substantial mistakes so far and the criticism would give the imperialist powers more fire against the socialists (that is, it would benefit imperialism more than the workers).
Social democratic and "social patriot / social chauvinists" thinkers (socialist thinkers who supported national goals, such as supporting the country of Germany during the Fashoda war) opposed revolutionary thought (further believing that they failed on various points or goals ), and argued that it was necessary to access power through democratic means.
This was mainly Karl Kautsky, one of the most famous socialist thinkers, especially after the death of Engels.
Kautsky argued the need for socialism to ally itself with the "progressive bourgeoisie" to achieve a government through electoralism / elections.
Ulyanov in particular attacked that German imperialism would crush attempts at electoralism, democracy and workers' strikes, as it did in Kautsky's native Bohemia. What's more, the German army rolled over Kautsky's native city, Prague.
"The Germans crushed 60,000 workers in Prague and impede the right to vote of the common Czech. And yet Kautsky, the renegade, a Czech a son of a middle class man, born in Prague, defends German electoralism. Believes that the imperialists are going to open the door for him by allying with bourgeois who would elect any nationalist before any Marxist.
He also refuses to recognize the material conditions that allowed the socialist revolutions in Iberia and Italy, denying various principles of Marxism and the situation of the workers before and after."
-Vladimir Ulyanov.
The situation was difficult at the international level, the Latin revolutions would have an ideological impact (of thought) throughout the world. On the one hand the socialist revolutionary support, and on the other hand the opposition (both from the reactionary right and from the left).
Some believed that violent revolution would be a necessary or important means (in addition to shelter, weapons and food) to achieve socialism, but others continued to argue that it could not be achieved through democracy.
There were two answers, on the one hand the anti-electoral socialists believed that electoralism would only regulate capitalism and would not get rid of it, therefore it was anti-socialist.
And on the other hand, socialists (especially in the United States and some parts of Europe) held that the revolutions that occurred were not inherently anti-democratic, since elections were held to elect the leaders of both.
This was used by American socialists to insist that revolutions would not be the end of democracy in the United States or the Americas.
And the democratic socialists insisted that a socialist government could be formed through general elections, without the need for armed force.
Regarding the revolutions themselves in Iberia and Italy, some insisted that these regions were not currently ready for socialism (and even less so for communism).
Others (Ulyanov) insisted that the material conditions were different for each state (the material conditions of Russia are different of the other European countries for Ulyanov), and therefore the evolution of the previous states towards the revolution and Marxism would be different from the opinions that foreign thinkers would have (the German socialists opposing these revolutions) .