In this fanfiction, Deku's character development could be quite complex. Going back in time, he may initially be overconfident because he thinks he knows what's going to happen. But as he realizes that changing the past has unforeseen consequences, he becomes more cautious. He also might develop a deeper understanding of his friends and their potential, as he gets to see them at an earlier stage. He could start mentoring some of them, which would in turn make him more responsible and mature as a character.
Naruto's outgoing and boisterous personality would make Deku more confident. He would probably be more upfront and less shy. Naruto's strong sense of justice would also intensify Deku's already existing desire to help others.
The main differences are in their expressions and some minor details of personality. In the manga, Deku might seem a bit more intense, while in the anime, he's sometimes presented a bit softer.
In 'deku meets future deku fanfiction', perhaps the future Deku warns the present one about upcoming threats. He could tell him about villains he'll face in the future and how to defeat them. This would give the present Deku an edge in his battles and also in his growth as a hero.
Well, obviously Deku in two forms - the younger and the older version are the main characters. The younger Deku is the one who is still growing and learning, while the older Deku has more experience.
As of now, Deku is very much alive in the manga. The plot hasn't reached a point where he meets such a fate. Usually, main characters like Deku have significant story arcs and aren't easily killed off.
Another possibility is that a new villain emerges as a result of the time - travel or whatever mechanism brings future Deku to the present. This villain could be from a future where Deku's actions (or inactions) have led to a more dangerous world, and he travels back in time to stop Deku from making those mistakes again. However, his methods are extreme and dangerous, making him the antagonist of the story.