Captain Marvel is often considered one of the most powerful Avengers. Her powers include energy absorption and manipulation, flight, and superhuman strength and durability.
That's a tough one. It really depends on which comic universe you're looking at. In the Marvel universe, characters like Thor or the Hulk could be considered powerful. In DC, Superman or Darkseid might top the list.
Image Comics is indeed an LLC. It operates as such and has a significant presence in the world of comics. They have produced many popular comic titles over the years.
Image Comics is an American comic book publisher. It's known for giving creators more ownership and creative freedom compared to some traditional publishers.
It's a tough call, but some might say Doctor Manhattan from the Watchmen universe within the DC Comics framework is incredibly powerful. His manipulation of matter and perception of time gives him a significant edge.
It's hard to say for sure as it can vary depending on the story and context. But some might consider the Infinity Gauntlet to be one of the most powerful, as it gives the wielder control over time, space, reality, power, soul, and mind.