Character growth is a key characteristic. The characters start off with negative views of each other. But as the story progresses, they learn to see past their differences. In 'Red, White & Royal Blue', the two main characters grow from being political rivals to lovers, and in the process, they become more understanding and empathetic.
Often, these novels also deal with themes of acceptance, not just of their relationship but also of themselves. Since they start as enemies, they have to overcome their own prejudices. In a gay romance context, this can also be related to coming out and dealing with society's views, which adds depth to the story.
'Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe' can be considered in this category. Ari and Dante have a complex relationship at first. They don't understand each other but over time, they develop deep feelings for each other. It's a beautifully written novel about friendship evolving into love.
First, there's the obvious initial hostility between the main characters. This creates a lot of tension that drives the plot forward. Second, the build - up of sexual tension is a key part, which is what makes it'steamy'. Third, there's usually a moment of realization or a change in circumstances that makes them see each other in a new light and start to fall in love.
Character development is a big part. The characters have to change their initial negative views of each other. In a good 'enemies to lovers' BL novel, you'll see how they gradually start to understand and care for one another. For instance, they might discover shared traumas or interests that bridge the gap between them.
The slow - burn aspect is also important. These novels often take time to develop the relationship. The characters go from hating or disliking each other to gradually having feelings. It's not an instant love. In 'The Duke and I', Daphne and Simon's relationship evolves over time as they interact more and more, and their initial animosity fades away bit by bit.
In enemies to lovers romance novels, the characters often have very different personalities or goals that create the enmity. For instance, in 'A Court of Mist and Fury', the main characters are from different worlds with different agendas. There's also the element of forced proximity in many of these novels. This forces the characters to interact more and break down their barriers. Also, the journey of the relationship is filled with self - discovery. As they fall in love, they also learn more about themselves, like in 'You Deserve Each Other' where the couple re - evaluates themselves during the process of falling back in love.
The novel 'Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe' also has elements of this trope. Ari and Dante meet and initially don't really understand each other. But over time, their connection deepens into a powerful and loving relationship.
One common theme is self - discovery. As they go from being enemies to lovers, they often discover new aspects of themselves. Another is acceptance, both self - acceptance and acceptance from society. For example, in many stories, they have to deal with how others view their relationship. Also, there's the theme of breaking barriers. Whether it's social class differences like in 'Maurice' or cultural differences in some other stories, they break through these barriers to be together.
A good example is 'Wuthering Heights' by Emily Bronte. Heathcliff and Catherine have a complex relationship that starts with a sort of enmity. Heathcliff is treated as an outsider by Catherine's family, and their different social standings create tension. However, they share a deep, passionate connection that evolves into a tortured love. Also, 'Red, White & Royal Blue' by Casey McQuiston features Alex and Henry who are from different worlds (America and Britain) and initially have a sort of rivalrous relationship which then blossoms into a beautiful romance.
One great 'enemies to lovers' fantasy novel is 'A Court of Thorns and Roses' by Sarah J. Maas. It has a great build - up of the relationship between Feyre and Rhysand. Another is 'The Cruel Prince' by Holly Black. The dynamic between Jude and Cardan is full of tension and eventual love. Also, 'Shadow and Bone' by Leigh Bardugo has some elements of this trope as well.