In some cases, it could be a new and powerful enemy. This enemy might have the ability to manipulate chakra in a way that affects Naruto's mind. For example, they could send out waves of negative chakra that slowly erode Naruto's mental state. Over time, these attacks make Naruto go insane as he struggles to fight against this unseen and insidious force.
Madara Uchiha could also be a likely cause. If he somehow managed to return or had a long - planned scheme that involved breaking Naruto's sanity. He was a very powerful and devious foe who could use his knowledge of the ninja world and its powers to target Naruto's mental stability.
The Akatsuki as a whole could be the opponents. Imagine Naruto facing multiple Akatsuki members at once in a fight. The combined threat of their different powers and their goals of capturing the tailed beasts could be overwhelming for Naruto. They might use underhanded tactics, like threatening to kill captives or using mind - control techniques on Naruto's friends. All of these things could make Naruto go insane as he battles against them, trying to protect what he loves.
One possible plot could be that Naruto is pushed over the edge by the constant betrayal he faces. For example, if the village he has always protected turns against him due to false accusations of being a threat. He might start using his powers in a more erratic and dangerous way, not caring about the consequences. This could lead to a showdown between him and his former friends who now see him as a menace.
The main antagonist could be Naruto himself in a sense. Since he has gone insane, his actions are now unpredictable and harmful to the people around him. His former friends, like Sakura or Kakashi, might have to step up and try to stop him, seeing him as the new threat.
It could be Orochimaru. He's always been interested in Naruto's power. He might use some new jutsu or experiment on Naruto to make him go berserk so he can study his power in that state.
Madara Uchiha could be the cause. Even if he's dead, his influence could still be around. Maybe he left behind some sort of genjutsu or curse that affects Naruto's mind and drives him crazy. After all, Madara was always planning something big and Naruto would be a great pawn if he's out of control.
One possible plot could be that Naruto is constantly ostracized by the villagers even after all he has done for them. The years of being treated as an outcast and having his good intentions misconstrued finally push him over the edge. He starts to see the villagers as the real enemy and decides to use his power not for their protection but to make them feel the pain he has endured.
Maybe it could be due to the loss of his friends. For example, if Sasuke died in a battle and Naruto couldn't save him, the grief might push him over the edge and into insanity.
One possible cause could be the extreme stress he endures. Constant battles, the fear of failing to protect the world, and the loss of friends can all take a toll on his mental state. In fanfiction, writers might explore how the weight of these experiences gradually pushes him over the edge.
One possible plotline could be that Naruto is pushed to the brink during a fight against a powerful and sadistic enemy. Maybe this enemy has been targeting his friends one by one, causing Naruto to gradually lose his sanity as he tries to protect them. He might start using extremely violent and uncharacteristic jutsu, taking risks that he normally wouldn't. Another plotline could be that Naruto is under the influence of a dark genjutsu during a fight. This genjutsu twists his perception of reality, making him believe that his friends are actually enemies, and he goes insane trying to fight them off.