Base it on real - world concepts. For example, if you take the idea of energy from physics and twist it into a magical form in your world. Maybe in your world, people can manipulate different types of 'energy' that have different effects like healing, destruction, or transformation.
You can start by asking 'what if' questions. What if magic was a form of communication with nature spirits? Or what if magic was a disease that some people were immune to and others could control? Then, develop the mechanics. How is the magic activated? Is it through spoken words, gestures, or something else? And make sure the magic system has consequences. If a character uses too much magic, they might go insane or transform into something else.
First, consider the source of magic. It could be an inborn trait, a learned skill from ancient texts, or a gift from a deity. For example, in 'Harry Potter', magic is an inborn ability in some people. Then, think about the limitations of magic. This adds realism and prevents it from being an all - powerful plot device. Also, how magic is accessed and controlled is important. Is it through spells, potions, or mental concentration? Each aspect of the magic system should be consistent throughout the novel.
In her novels, like 'Shadow and Bone', she creates the Grisha magic system. The Grisha are divided into different orders based on their abilities, such as the Corporalki who can manipulate the human body. This division gives a clear structure to the magic.
Magic systems can create conflicts. For example, in 'A Song of Ice and Fire', the magic of the Others is a great threat, which drives the plot forward as characters have to face this unknown and powerful magic. It also provides solutions. Wizards or mages with magic can solve problems that normal means can't, like in 'The Lord of the Rings' where Gandalf uses his magic to protect the Fellowship at times.
In 'Eragon', the magic system, which involves using the ancient language, has a direct impact on the plot. If Eragon mispronounces a word in the ancient language while casting a spell, it can have disastrous consequences. This adds a layer of danger and unpredictability. Also, the fact that magic users are rare and often persecuted in the world of 'Eragon' creates a lot of the story's conflict and drives the plot forward as Eragon tries to change that situation.
The magic system in Harry Potter is based on natural talent and learning at Hogwarts. In Final Fantasy 7, materia can be equipped and removed. In fanfictions that combine them, we could see a situation where a wizard tries to use materia to expand their natural magic abilities. Maybe they use a materia that gives them the power to communicate with magical creatures like in Harry Potter, but in a more Final Fantasy 7 - like way. It could be really interesting to see how these two different ways of doing magic interact.
Authors create unique settings in the world of fantasy novel in many ways. They start by imagining something completely different from our world. Maybe a world that is underwater and the inhabitants are mermaids and sea - creatures. They also play with time. There could be a world where time moves at a different pace in different regions. They give unique characteristics to their races. For example, a race of giants who are gentle and love to garden instead of being violent. All these elements combined create a unique and engaging fantasy world.
In 'A Conjuring of Light' by V.E. Schwab, the magic system is quite distinct. There are different types of magic users and the way they draw power and use it in combat or for other purposes varies a great deal. For example, some can manipulate time, which adds a whole new layer to the story.
They also create unique worlds by the technology associated with the spaceships. The propulsion systems, weapons, and defenses of the spaceships can imply a certain level of technological advancement in the universe. In some novels, the spaceships might be powered by magic - like energy sources, which blurs the line between science and magic and gives a distinct flavor to the world - building. For instance, in 'The Dark Between the Stars' by Kevin J. Anderson, the spaceship technology is closely tied to the overall mystery and danger of the universe.
Fantasy flight novels often create unique worlds through vivid descriptions. For example, they might describe the mechanics of flight, like in 'Dragonflight' where the dragons' flight capabilities are detailed. They also create unique landscapes that are visible from the air, such as floating islands in some novels. Another way is by creating unique cultures around flight. In 'Eragon', the dragon riders have their own set of rules and traditions related to flying.