" Childhoods " was one of the classics of Russian literature in the 20th century. The novel uses the personal experience of the protagonist, Aliosha Figu, as a clue to describe his childhood in the Russian countryside. It reveals the dark side of society and the complexity of human nature at that time, and also shows the author's own thoughts and worldview. The main theme of the novel was a deep exploration of human nature and social issues. Through her personal experience, Aliosha revealed the dark side of the rural society at that time, such as the division between the rich and the poor, class opposition, moral degeneration, etc. At the same time, she also explored the complexity of human nature. Many characters, including Aliosha herself, had good and evil sides. Their behavior and thoughts were contradictory and conflicting. The novel also emphasized the author's pursuit of human liberation and freedom. He believed that people should get rid of the shackles of society and pursue self-realization and happiness. Therefore, the theme of the novel was not only a reflection of the reality of Russian society at that time, but also an exploration and reflection of human nature, society and the meaning of life.