A Catalog of the Historical Romance of the Tang and Five Dynasties
The Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty is a classic Chinese online novel. Its works are as follows: Chapter 1 to Chapter 5 of The History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties tells the historical stories from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, including the fall of the Tang Dynasty and the political turmoil, wars, and legends of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Chapter 6 to Chapter 9 of the Romance of the History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties tells the stories of some important figures from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, including Xue Rengui, Huang Chao, Li Cunxu, etc. Chapter 10 to Chapter 15 of " Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties " described the wars and legends of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, including the war between Liang and Tang, the emperor's robe, and the rise of the Later Zhou Dynasty. Chapter 16 to Chapter 17 of " Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties " narrated some historical events and figures during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, including the rise of Zhu Wen, the establishment of the Later Liang Dynasty, and the prosperity of the Later Tang Dynasty. The 18th to 20th chapters of the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty described the stories of the characters in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, including Zhu Quanzhong, Wu Qi, Shi Jingtang, etc. Chapter 21 to Chapter 25 of " Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Broken Tang Dynasty " described the rise and fall of the Later Zhou Dynasty and the establishment of the Song Dynasty, including the rise of Chai Rong, the rule of Zhou Shizong, Yue Fei's resistance against the Jin Dynasty, etc. Chapter 26 to Chapter 30 of the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty narrated the political struggles and legends of the Song Dynasty, including Song Jiang, Wu Yong, Lu Junyi, etc. Chapter 31 to Chapter 35 of " Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty " described the wars and legends of the Song Dynasty, including the shame of Jingkang, the uprising of Liangshanbo, Yue Fei's resistance against the Jin Dynasty, etc. Chapter 36 to Chapter 40 of the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty narrated the stories of the characters in the Song Dynasty, including Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, etc. The 41st to 42nd chapters of " The History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty " narrated the historical stories of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, including the rise of the Ming Dynasty and the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
Whose work was the historical romance of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty?
The Romance of the Five Dynasties was the work of the Ming Dynasty novelist Luo Guanzhong, also known as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. This novel was based on the history from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It described the wonderful stories of heroes in political struggles, wars, and alliances. The plot of the novel was full of ups and downs, and the characters were full. It was regarded as a classic in ancient Chinese novels.
The introduction of the characters in the historical romance of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties
The Romance of the Five Dynasties was an ancient novel that mainly narrated the history of China during the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The following is an introduction to some of the important characters in this novel: 1 Wei Gao: A famous general at the end of the Tang Dynasty was defeated by the Tang army together with Shi Xiu, one of the Liangshan heroes. 2. Li Ji: A politician and military strategist during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who helped the Later Liang to establish and rule the Later Liang Empire. 3. Wang Yanzhang: A politician and military strategist during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who helped the Later Tang establish and rule the Later Tang Empire. 4. Hao Meng: Generals and politicians of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period helped the former Shu to establish and rule the former Shu Empire. 5. Zhang Zhao, a politician and military strategist at the end of the Tang Dynasty, was defeated by the Tang army together with Li Ji. 6 Ma Yin: A politician and military strategist during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who helped the Later Liang to establish and rule the Later Liang Empire. 7 Yan Yan: A general and politician from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who helped the Houshu to establish and rule the Houshu Empire. 8 Wang Shenzhi: The politicians and military strategists of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period had helped the Later Tang to establish and rule the Later Tang Empire. Chai Rong: A politician and military strategist of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who helped the Later Zhou Dynasty establish and rule the Later Zhou Empire. 10 Guo Wei: A politician and military strategist during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who helped the Later Han to establish and rule the Later Han Empire. These characters were all important figures in the historical romance of the Five Dynasties. They played an important role in this period of Chinese history.
The Text Comparisons of the Historical Romance of the Remnant Tang and Five Dynasties
The Romance of the History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties was one of the classic Chinese novels, just like the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Water Margins. The following is a comparison of the text between it and the other two novels: 1. The plot and character setting of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties The Romance of the Three Kingdoms described the history of the Three Kingdoms period and the wars and political struggles between Wei, Shu and Wu. There were many famous characters in the novel, such as Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Sun Quan, etc. Their characters were profound and the story was fascinating. The Romance of the History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties narrated the history from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. It described the political turmoil, wars, and ethnic conflicts during the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. There were many famous characters in the novel, such as Li Keyong, Huang Chao, Zhu Wen, Song Jiang, etc. Their characters were vivid and their plots were rich. 2. The literary style of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties Romance of the Three Kingdoms used the history of the Three Kingdoms period as the background and used a large number of historical events and character descriptions to present the historical picture through many aspects such as war, politics, and character. The language of the novel was concise, the plot was compact, and the characters were vivid. It had a high literary value. The Romance of the History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties adopted a more narrative literary style, focusing on the description of historical events and the fate of characters. The language was easy to understand, and the vivid descriptions had high artistic value. 3. The theme of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties The theme of Romance of the Three Kingdoms was loyalty, loyalty, and war. It emphasized the importance of loyalty, loyalty, and courage, and also described some moral values and characters in history. The theme of the book was national integration, political struggle, and war. It described the political turmoil, war, and ethnic conflicts from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. It emphasized the importance of national integration, political struggle, and war, and also described some moral concepts and characters in history.
Whose work was the historical romance of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty?
The Romance of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties was a work by the Ming Dynasty novelist Luo Guanzhong. The full name of the work was Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and it was also known as the Romance of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. This novel described the history from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. With the chaos at the end of the Tang Dynasty as the background, it described the struggles and wars between various forces and depicted a variety of historical characters. This novel had an important position in the history of Chinese literature and was hailed as the pinnacle of ancient Chinese novels.
Li Cunxiao's Weapon in the Historical Romance of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties
Li Cunxiao's weapon in the historical records of the Five Dynasties of the Remnant Tang Dynasty was a spear, also known as the " Huntian Silk ". According to legend, this spear had a magical power that could pierce through the void and attack enemies. In the novel, Li Cunxiao used this gun to defeat powerful enemies many times and became a famous hero.
Which was better, the novels of the Tang and Five Dynasties or the legends of the Tang and Five Dynasties?
If you liked ancient romance novels," The Lord's Wife Is Going to Heaven " and " The Strategy of Bu Shenglian's Daughter " were both very good choices. If you liked historical novels," The Legend of the Last Emperor " and " The Legend of the Rise of the Other World " were both very interesting. If you liked fantasy novels, you could consider Legend of Ritter and The Legend Forever. As for which one is better," The Legends of the Tang and Five Dynasties " or " All the Fictions of the Tang and Five Dynasties ", I might as well read them both. After all, everyone's preferences are different, hehe. I hope you like my recommendation, Mwah!
Is there a historical novel like Weiyang of Han and Tang Dynasties/Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms?
There were novels similar to Weiyang of the Han and Tang Dynasties:n1: Ming Zheng 1652, Author: The winner is justice 2. Stubborn Thief. Author: Duolu Hou 3."Afterglow of the Late Tang Dynasty: Starting from the Western Regions." Author: Snowy Panda 4: Han Shizu, Author: Mi Shuli 5: The Imperial Industry of the Northern Dynasty, Author: The Noble and Elegant 6:"Man in Nanyang, but Father-in-law is Zheng Xin." Author: Middle-aged Paper Tiger 7: Taichang Great Ming, Author: Magic Turtle Revo 8:"Spring and Autumn: From the Wilderness to Begging to Become the Overlord", Author: Name Seven Repeats 9: Rise of the Tang Dynasty, Author: Flying Cableway 10: Han Zhao is also Han, Author: General History Rise from the Late Tang Dynasty, Author: Jiang Shanzhi Silla, Author: Rain Ink Sauce The Owl Official of the Late Qing Dynasty, Author: An Ge Late Tang: Returning to the World, Author: The Indescribable Yao Jiachen Lord Wu, Author: Xuan Shen Book of Chu, The Chronicle of Emperor Taizu, Author: Huang Hua Xia Mountain, Sea and Empire, Author: Please Open the Door, AbbessnnThe following is a detailed introduction of these novels:n1."Ming Zheng 1652": Yongli year six, AD 1652, the Great Western Army left Yunnan, winning consecutive battles and recovering thousands of miles of land. The world was shocked and set off the second anti-Qing climax. In the same year, Zhangzhou in Minnan was also in turmoil. In the previous year, they won the Cizao Battle, Qianshan Battle, and Xiaoying Ridge Battle. After recovering Pinghe, Zhangpu, Zhao 'an, Nanjing, and other places, Zheng Chenggong personally led the army to surround Zhangzhou City. The momentum of Zheng's army grew day by day, and it became the main force of the southeast anti-Qing army. However, just as the Qing army led 10,000 troops to Fujian and entered Quanzhou Prefecture, and the southeast was once again in danger, Zheng Chenggong, the leader of the Zheng army, suddenly fell ill. There were even rumors in the army that he had hysteria. "Pirates? Only pirates can save this world!" A soul from the 21st century shouted in Zheng Chenggong's heart. 2."The Stupid Thief":"The Stupid Thief" is an unforgettable historical novel. The story was set in the second year of Chongzhen of the Ming Empire, depicting an empire that was about to collapse. In this turbulent era, the protagonist, Liu Chengzong, rose up in the famine and showed tenacity and courage. The author used realistic descriptions and exquisite emotional expressions to bring the readers into that historical period, allowing people to feel the complexity and depth of human nature. This book was not only a historical novel, but also a deeply rooted emotional journey. With keen observation and deep historical knowledge, the author presented a vivid and real world to the readers. Whether it was from the content of the book, or from life, emotions, psychology, society, history, etc., this book could give people inspiration and thought. I strongly recommend The Stubborn Thief. I believe that readers will be deeply attracted to it. 3."Afterglow of the Late Tang Dynasty: Starting from the Western Regions": A man's greatest pleasure is to suppress the chaos, defeat the enemy, seize everything they have, ride their horses, and marry their beautiful wives and concubines. In the second year of Dazhong of Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yichao, a native of Shazhou, recovered Guasha, Ganzhou and Suzhou in the third year of Dazhong, Yizhou in the fourth year of Dazhong, and Liangzhou in the second year of Xiantong. It ends in Yiwu in the west and connects Lingwu in the east. It has more than 4,000 li of land and a million households. The mountains and rivers of the six prefectures are still the same. In the fourth year of Qianfu, Zhang Yanli, the second son of Zhang Huaishen, who passed through later generations, recovered Hexi, Beiting and Anxi from Dunhuang. It took ten years to destroy the Uighurs, pacify Tubo and pacify the Central Plains. In the following decades, he destroyed Safar, pacified Abbas and conquered Rome westward. 4."Han Shizu": A good historical novel with good writing style. It was about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of the Later Han Dynasty. The protagonist traveled through time to become the ruler of the Later Han Dynasty. The fallen monarch did not refer to the counterattack of the protagonist when the country had just fallen. Instead, the protagonist transmigrated and became the second son. In history, the eldest son of the Later Han Emperor died of illness, and then the emperor died of illness. The second son became the emperor, and then the Later Han Dynasty perished. The protagonist had transmigrated and worked hard to prolong his life. He could also become the emperor, so this arrangement was very comfortable. However, this book is slow to read. If you're impatient to read it, you probably won't be able to continue reading it. Moreover, this book doesn't have that much combat description. I think it's good. In terms of rationality and writing style, it's what I can read the most. 5."Imperial Industry of the Northern Dynasty":"Imperial Industry of the Northern Dynasty" was a fascinating novel. The author used the Northern and Southern Dynasties as the background and told the story of a transmigrator. The main character, Li Tai, was brave and brave. He stuck to his original heart in the chaotic world and did not forget his original intention. He was determined to create a peaceful and prosperous world. The highlight of this book was the author's research on the history of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, as well as his unique description of farming, which showed the author's talent. Although the plot was slow, the author's description of history and his handling of politics were also quite unique. Even though the description of the war was not top-notch, overall, this book was still a novel worthy of recommendation. The author's writing style was trustworthy, and it made people look forward to the subsequent developments. In short, this was a book of provisions. 6."I'm in Nanyang, but my father-in-law is Zheng Xin": The beginning is green, killing the traitor and running for his life. The beginning of the novel is too short. He hoped to use the south to attack the north and use the power of Jiaozhi to restore the Han family's world. 7."Taichang Ming Dynasty": In the 48th year of Wanli, the Ming Dynasty had existed for 252 years. The year 252 was not only the beginning of the empire, but also the duration of the land acquisition system. Shenzong started with the "toppling of Zhang and Feng", followed by the "three major disputes", and ended with the "demon book" and "stick strike". He single-handedly created the situation of opposition between the two parties in the late Ming Dynasty. He also slacked off for more than 30 years after concentrating his power on himself. Under the stimulation of the divine sect, the almost unchanging bureaucracy and governance system for more than 200 years entered the final stage of complete decay. Class confrontation, conflict between officials and people, Jurchen invasion. Under the internal and external difficulties, the empire finally reached the edge of destruction. On July 21, Zhu Yijun died and Zhu Changluo ascended the throne. The year was named Taichang. On August 10th, Emperor Taichang visited several people in succession, and his face was instantly reduced. The last emperor of the Darming Dynasty who ascended the throne in his prime would ride the dragon in the sky a month later. Zhu Youxiao, a problematic teenager who was less than 15 years old, had not received formal imperial education, and lacked both paternal and maternal love, was about to inherit the throne, playing the prelude to the demise of the empire. However, on August 11th, the soul of a Qing history researcher with the same name as the Mingguang Sect transmigrated into the body of the emperor who had indulged in sex and kidney deficiency! How would he save the Darming Dynasty from danger? Is it easy to suppress the people and prolong the dynasty? Should he strike at the old nobles and push the process of land annexation back to its original point? Or would he take the difficult path and shatter the entire system to rebuild a new world? The road is hard, there are many forks However, in order for the Chinese civilization to open up its own route during the drastic changes in the world, Zhu Changluo could only take the difficult path. How should he start? Zhu Changluo decided to clean up the internal court first and build a loyal and efficient army. 8."Spring and Autumn: From the Wilderness to Become an Overlord": In the blank land of Hebei during the Spring and Autumn Period, a new country that dominated the world was finally built! At the beginning of the game, his soul transmigrated and became the son of the direct bloodline of the small country of Ji in the 7th century B.C., Qi Lian. The country was already on the verge of being annexed by the Yan Country and was even usurped and expelled by his eldest brother. He fled to his mother's Li Kingdom at the foot of the Taihang Mountains and learned that the Li Kingdom had been destroyed by the Chi Di Lu Clan for more than ten years. Chi Di of the Robbery Dao and the assassins pursued by Shu brother finally forced Qilian into the barren land of swamps in the Spring and Autumn Period-Hebei Plain. There was no ready-made family business, no illustrious reputation, and no superhuman martial strength or golden fingers. He could only start from scratch, go through hardships, be cautious, walk on thin ice, and go with the flow… From here, Qi Lian began his life of fighting against the heavens and the earth. Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Mu of Qin, King Zhuang of Chu, and the Qilian Kingdom would gradually become the tables of the wise kings of the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong, Jie Zitui, Bai Lixi, Sun Shuao, Qilian would use them as references and personally cultivate their own famous officials. From survival in the wilderness to a country that dominated the world. The long river was surging, and the Spring and Autumn Era was already turbulent. Where would it go because of Qilian… 9."Rise of the Tang Dynasty": Fattening Up 10:"Han Zhao is also Han": In October of the first year of Jianwu, Liu Yuan, the nephew of Han, gave a speech in the southern suburbs of Zuo Guocheng, claiming to continue the Han Dynasty and become the King of Han. Below the altar, Liu He's eyes were filled with tears. Many years later, Liu He inherited the Han Dynasty and became the ruler of the world. Everyone knew that Luluo was also Luo, and Hanzhao was also Han. Faced with the doubts of the world, Liu He said," If the world does not have me, how can Yan Han prosper? I did not live up to Taizu, did not live up to Guangwu, did not live up to Zhaolie. There is no better way to get the right way of governing the country than to give it to me. I'm really a gift from heaven!“ 11."Rise from the Late Tang Dynasty": In the fourth year of Qianfu, Huang Chao led his army to attack Yunzhou. Xue Chong, the military governor of Tianping Army, died in front of the city. The city was about to be looted. Liang Xin, the governor of Yunzhou, drew his sword and stood up, and then pointed his sword at the world. When the momentum of history rolled over like a wheel, there would be thousands of troops under my command to break it for me. From now on, will the emperor have any descendants? A strong soldier and a strong horse do this! It felt like more and more people were writing works from unpopular dynasties, and they were also writing very exciting works. 12:"Silla": Not the "Silla" of the Korean Peninsula! As everyone knew, Luo was referring to Rome. The son of the main character, Kasan, the King of the Two Sicilies. 13."The Official of the Late Qing Dynasty": During the Xianfeng period of the late Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom swept across the four directions. The Qing Dynasty's military system was vulnerable. The Qing court was in a precarious situation. The foreign powers were eyeing them covetously. The Han bureaucrats rose up because of the power... A graduate was reborn as a young man named Kong Yiji, and a peaceful dog was reduced to a person who had left the country. In order to control his own destiny, he activated his ancestral skill, Transcension... The flames erupted from the gunfire at Shanghai Hongqiao at midnight on the first day of the first month of the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855)... This story is purely fictional, and any similarities are purely coincidental. "Late Tang: Returning to the World": A newly discovered novel of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The author's writing style is not bad! In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Sun Ce came to a great era where heroes fought for hegemony. Coincidentally, Xu Gong's henchman had planned to assassinate him. He was waiting for the cautious little tyrant of Jiangdong to die. He would finally end the chaotic times at the end of the Han Dynasty and usher in the stability of the world. [Book of Chu, The Chronicle of Emperor Taizu]: Book of Chu, the first book in the series. Luo Yongsheng, this kid, is good. He's been an emperor since he was young! The protagonist was a ruthless person, a complete politician. 2021.0521 How should he put it? It was a little abrupt. 2021.0727 It was already completed. The novel was not bad. The logic was self-consistent. Other than the later plot being a little urgent, everything else was good. 2021.1105 "Mountain, Sea, and Empire": An ordinary modern animal traveled through the Middle Ages and became the eldest son of Count Berenguer Ramon I of Barcelona. The Barcelona Family would unite with Aragon in more than 100 years and establish a powerful kingdom as one of the biggest benefactors of the Recollection Movement. However, 100 years was too long. He wanted to build a dynasty that belonged to him in this chaotic world. nnYou can read these novels on Qidian Chinese Network.n
Was the Romance of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty official history?
The Romance of the History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties was not an official history but a novel. It was usually regarded as a literary work rather than a historical biography. It was a novel with a historical background that presented the social and political landscape of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period through fictional plots and characters. Although it tried its best to restore historical events and characters, it also had some fictional and exaggerated aspects. Therefore, it should not be regarded as official history but as a form of literature.
The ranking of martial strength in the historical records of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty?
The Romance of the Five Dynasties was an ancient novel that described the political turmoil, wars, and legends of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. There were many famous generals in the novel, and their ranking in terms of martial strength was also an important element in the story. However, there were no clear rules and standards for the ranking of martial arts in the novel, so different people might have different opinions. In the novel, some generals were ranked at the top because of their outstanding performance, good martial arts skills, and bravery. Some generals were ranked at the bottom because of their superb strategy, outstanding wisdom, or because they were born in famous sects and had special martial arts skills. If there was a more certain ranking in the novel, it could be roughly divided into the following stages: The first stage: The top ten generals in the late Tang Dynasty include Li Shimin, Li Jing, Li Ji, Yuchi Gong, Xuanzang, etc. Their martial arts and wisdom are very outstanding, and they are the main forces in the novel. The second stage: The top ten generals of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period included Yelu Dashi, Zhu Wen, Huang Chao, Shi Jingtang, etc. They were all very powerful and had some special skills and specialties such as military command, strategy, martial arts, etc. The third stage: In the later part of the novel, some famous generals in history are described, such as Yue Fei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, etc. Their martial arts are also very superb, but because of their background and story, they are not ranked. It should be noted that this is just a simple ranking. In fact, the ranking of martial arts in novels is very complicated. It may be influenced by the author's preferences, the plot needs, and many other factors.
Information on the Version of the Romance of the History of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties
The Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty was a classic ancient novel with many versions. The following is the information of some of the versions: The version information is as follows: This novel first appeared in the Ming Dynasty and was later adapted into many versions. The most famous one was the complete version of Water Margins during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. There were also many versions of the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty. The more well-known ones were the Complete Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty and the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty. This novel first appeared in the Tang Dynasty and was later adapted into many versions. The most famous one was the Journey to the West during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. There were also many versions of the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the more well-known one was the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The version information is as follows: This novel first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period and was later adapted into many versions. The most famous one was Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. There were also many versions of the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the more well-known one was the Romance of the History of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. The differences between these versions were mainly reflected in the plot, character description, writing style, etc. However, they all retained the basic style of the novel.